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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：HowDoesInsertionInGlobalValueChinsAffectUpgradingInIndustrialClusters出处：InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofSussex,BrightonBN19RE,UK.作者：JohnHumphreyandHubertSchmitz原文：Howdoesinsertioninglobalvaluechainsaffectupgradinginindustrialclusters?Whatisthescopeforlocalup
2、gradingstrategieswhereproducersoperateinglobalvaluechains?Theliteratureonindustrialclustersemphasisestheroleofinter-firmco-operationandlocalinstitutionsinenablingupgrading.Thevaluechainliteraturefocusesontheroleofglobalbuyersandchaingovernanceindefiningupgradingopportunities.Thispap
3、erarguesthatclustersareinsertedintoglobalvaluechainsindifferentways,andthatthishasconsequencesforenablingordisablinglocal-levelupgradingefforts.Itpaysparticularattentiontothepositionofdevelopingcountryfirmssellingtolarge,globalbuyers.Keywords:clusters,valuechains,competitiveness,upg
4、rading,developingcountries1IntroductionFirmsindevelopingcountries,incommonwithfirmseverywhere,areunderpressuretoimprovetheirperformanceandincreasetheircompetitiveness.New,low-costproducersareenteringglobalmarkets,intensifyingcompetitioninmarketsforlabour-intensivemanufactures.Howcan
5、firmsindevelopingcountriesrespondtothistypeofchallengewhileatthesametimemaintainingreturnstobothlabourandcapitalfromengagingintrade?Theliteratureoncompetitivenesssuggeststhatthemostviableresponseisto‘upgrade’-tomakebetterproducts,makethemmoreefficiently,ormoveintomoreskilledactiviti
6、es(PORTER,1990;KAPLINSKY,2000).Severalschoolsofthoughthaveemphasisedthelocaldeterminantsofcompetitiveness,includingthe‘neweconomicgeography’,businessstudies,regionalscienceandinnovationstudies.Notonlyissomeofthisliteratureoptimisticaboutthepossibilityofstrengtheningcompetitivenessth
7、roughlocalorregionalindustrialpolicy(e.g.COOKEandMORGAN,1998;PYKE,1992),butithasalsobeenarguedthatinaglobalisingeconomytheonlyenduringbasisforcompetitiveadvantagewillbelocalisedandbasedontacitknowledge:"theformationoftheworldmarket...increasestheimportanceofheterogeneous,localisedca
8、pabilitiesforbuildi
