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页数:8页
时间:2017-08-03
《DISTANCE EDUCATION【外文翻译】》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、外文翻译原文DISTANCEEDUCATIONMaterialSource:psu.eduAuthor:CharlotteNirmalaniGunawardenaTheIndustrialModelofDistanceEducation.Oneofthemostinfluentialtheoreticaldevelopmentsofthe20thcenturywastheindustrialproductionmodelofdistanceeducationdescribedbyOttoPeter
2、s(1971,1983).OttoPeterscharacterizeddistanceeducationasamethodofimpartingknowledge,skillsandattitudeswhichisrationalizedbytheapplicationofdivisionoflaborandorganizationalprinciplesaswellasbytheextensiveuseoftechnicalmedia,especiallyforthepurposeofrepr
3、oducinghighqualityteachingmaterialwhichmakesitpossibletoinstructgreatnumbersofstudentsatthesametimewherevertheylive.Distanceeducationwasthereforedescribedasanindustrializedformofteachingandlearning.Thismodelemphasizesinstructionalunitsasproductswhichc
4、anbemassproducedanddistributedlikecarsorwashingmachines.Thisviewanddefinitionemergedduringthetimewhenbehaviorismwasatitsheightofpopularity,togetherwiththerelatedapproachesofprogrammedinstructionandinstructionalsystemsdesign(ISD).Theuseofhighlyspecific
5、performanceobjectives,characteristicoftheISDapproach,isprobablyessentialtothetruemassproductionandadministrationofinstructionalpackages.ThisindustrialapproachhadamajorimpactondistanceeducationspecificallyinthedevelopmentofOpenUniversitiessuchastheBrit
6、ishOpenUniversity.AsMooreandKearsley(1996)andGarrison(2000)havepointedout,Peters’theorywasanorganizationaltheoryandnotatheoryofteaching,noroflearning.Itwasanorganizationalmodelthattalkedaboutorganizingtheeducationalprocesstorealizeeconomiesofscale.Gar
7、rison(2000)observesthatthisindustrialmodelplacedinclearcontrasttheneedtochoosebetweenindependenceandinteraction,whichgeneratedadebateabouttheworthofeachapproachinimplementingdistanceeducation.DanielandMarquis(1979)intheirdiscussionoftheprosandconsofin
8、teractionversusindependence,pointouttheimpactofthesetwoapproachesonthecostingofdistanceeducationsystems,asinteractiveactivitiesweremuchmoreexpensivetofundbecauseofthepersonnelrequired,thanindependentactivities.Garrison(2000)declaresthatwiththe
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