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1、HANDBOOKOFDISTANCEEDUCATIONMichaelGrahameMooreWilliamG.AndersonEditorsHANDBOOKOFDISTANCEEDUCATIONHANDBOOKOFDISTANCEEDUCATIONEditedbyMichaelGrahameMooreThePennsylvaniaStateUniversityWilliamG.AndersonMasseyUniversityLAWRENCEERLBAUMASSOCIATES,PUBLISHERS2003M
2、ahwah,NewJerseyLondonDirector,Editorial:LaneAkersEditorialAssistant:JasonPlanerCoverDesign:KathrynHoughtalingLaceyTextbookProductionManager:PaulSmolenskiFull-ServiceCompositor:TechBooksTextandCoverPrinter:HamiltonPrintingCompanyThisbookwastypesetin10/12pt
3、.Times,Italic,Bold,BoldItalic.TheheadsweretypesetinHelvetica,HelveticaItalic,andHelveticaBold.Copyrightc2003byLawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyform,byphotostat,microfilm,retrievalsystem,oranyothermeans,wi
4、thoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc.,Publishers10IndustrialAvenueMahwah,NewJersey07430LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataHandbookofdistanceeducation/editedbyMichaelGrahameMoore,WilliamAnderson.p.cm.Includesbi
5、bliographicalreferencesandindexes.ISBN0-8058-3924-0(casebound:alk.paper)1.Distanceeducation—Handbooks,manuals,etc.I.Moore,MichaelG.II.Anderson,William(WilliamGeorge)LC5800.H362003371.358—dc212002152189BookspublishedbyLawrenceErlbaumAssociatesareprintedon
6、acid-freepaper,andtheirbindingsarechosenforstrengthanddurability.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica10987654321ContentsPrefaceixThisBookinBrief:OverviewxiiiI:HISTORICALANDCONCEPTUALFOUNDATIONS1DistanceEducationTheory,Methodology,andEpistemology:APragmaticPa
7、radigm3FarhadSaba2CorrespondenceStudyintheAmericanUniversity:ASecondHistoriographicPerspective21VonV.Pittman3EvolutionofNationalandRegionalOrganizations37CharlesE.Feasley4TheHistoryofDistanceEducationThroughtheEyesoftheInternationalCouncilforDistanceEduca
8、tion49EllenL.Bunker5OrganizationalModelsinHigherEducation,PastandFuture67DonaldE.Hanna6ATheoryofDistanceEducationBasedonEmpathy79BorjeHolmberg¨7LearningWithNewMediainDistanceEducation87OttoPeters8ATheoryofCriticalIn
