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1、ChapterFive Semantics1.TheStudyofMeaningSemantics:thestudyoflanguagemeaning.Inourdiscussion,wewilllimitourselvestothestudyofmeaningfromalinguisticpointofview.Pragmatics:Themeaningofutterances2.SemanticMeaningSemanticsisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Mean
2、inghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists.E.g.Plato&Aristotle.3.ThemeaningofmeaningC.K.Ogden&I.A.Richards(1923).TheMeaningofMeaning.Johnmeanstowrite.Agreenlightmeanstogo.Healthmeanseverything.Hislookwasfullofmeaning.What
3、isthemeaningoflife?Whatdoes‘capitalist’meantoyou?Whatdoes‘cornea’mean?Thetransparent,convex,anteriorportionoftheouterfibrouscoatoftheeyeballthatcoverstheirisandthepupilandiscontinuouswiththesclera.C.KOgdenandI.A.Richard,intheirfamousbookTheMeaningofMe
4、aning(1923),havegivenalistoftwenty-twodefinitionsofthewordmeaning.Oneaimofsemanticsistodistinguishthesedifferentwaysinwhichlanguage“means”.SomeviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningNamingtheory(Plato)TheconceptualistviewContextualism(Bloomfield)BehaviorismN
5、amingtheory(Plato)ThenamingtheorywasproposedbyGreekscholarPlato,thatis:Wordsarenamesorlabelsfortheobjectstheystandfor.E.g.:tree,car,fruit,dog…Namingtheory(Plato)Limitations:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherea
6、lworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix…3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…TheconceptualistviewTheconceptualistviewhasbeenheldbyOdgenandRichard.TheconceptualistviewTheconceptualistviewholdsthattherei
7、snodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.OgdenandRichards:semantictriangleSymbol/formword/phrase/sentenceReferentobjectintheworldofexperienceThought/Ref
8、erenceconceptairplaneTheconceptualistviewLimitations:(1)thelinkbetweenthesymbolandtheconceptremainsunclarified.(2)peopledonotactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethingintheirmind’seyeeverytimetheycomeacrossalinguisticsymbol.ThecontextualismMeaningsho
