新编简明英语语言学教程04Chapter-4-gramppt课件.ppt

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1、ChapterFourSyntax句法学1Whatissyntax?abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.句法学是研究词如何组成句子以及如何支配句子构成规则的一个语言学分支。2Chomskyismuchmoreinterestedinthesimilarities(languageuniversals)betweenlanguagesr

2、atherthantheirdifferences.Linguistsshouldattempttofindagrammaticalframeworkwhichwillbesuitableforalllanguages;3Therearelikelytobeuniversalconstraints(普遍制约)onthewayslinguisticelementsarecombinedChomskyproposedthatthegrammarsofallhumanlanguagesshareacommonframew

3、ork(UniversalGrammar普遍文法).4InthischapterweareconcernedwiththecompositionofsentencesbyintroducingsomeofthemostcommoncategoriesofwordsinEnglishaswellassomesimplerulesthatgoverntheorganizationofthesecategoriesintolargerstructuralunits.在本章中，我们主要涉及的是通过介绍英语中一些最为常见的词

4、的范畴，以及支配这些范畴组成更大的结构单位的简单规则来讲讲句子的构成。5Categories范畴Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.范畴是指某一特定语言中执行相同或相近功能的一组语言项目,如句子,名词短语或者动词。6Afundamentalfactaboutwordsinallhumanla

5、nguagesisthattheycanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategory(句法范畴).7Themostcentralcategoriestothesyntacticstudyaretheword-levelcategories(traditionally,partsofspeech)句法学研究最核心的范畴是词层面的范畴.(传统语法中的词性)Itisdividedintotwokinds:8Word

6、-levelcategories词层面的范畴Majorlexicalcategories(主要词汇范畴):Noun,verb,adjective,prepositionMinorLexicalcategories(次要词汇范畴):Determiner,degreeword,auxiliary,conjunction9Majorlexicalcategoriesplayaveryimportantroleinsentenceformation.Theydifferfromminorlexicalcategoriesi

7、nthattheyareoftenassumedtobetheheadsaroundwhichphrasesarebuilt.10Thecriteriaonwhichcategoriesaredetermined确定词的范畴的标准Meaning(意义)Inflection(屈折变化)Distribution(分布)11Wordcategoriesoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning.e.g.Nounstypicallydenoteentities.Verbscharacte

8、risticallydesignateaction,sensationsandstates.Adjectivescanelaboratethepropertiesorattributesoftheentities.Adverbscandenotethepropertiesorattributesofaction,sensationsandstates.12I