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1、EvolutionandEthics,ProlegomenabyAdousHuxleyI.《天演论》阿道斯·赫胥黎导言一：察变ITmaybesafelyassumedthat,twothousandyearsago,beforeCaesarsetfootinsouthernBritain,thewholecountry-sidevisiblefromthewindowsoftheroominwhichIwrite,wasinwhatiscalled"thestateofnature."Except,itmaybe,byraisingafewsepulchralmounds,suchasthos
2、ewhichstill,hereandthere,breaktheflowingcontoursofthedowns,man'shandshadmadenomarkuponit;andthethinveilofvegetationwhichoverspreadthebroad-backedheightsandtheshelvingsidesofthecoombswasunaffectedbyhisindustry.赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野，槛外诸境，历历如在几下。乃悬想二千年前，当罗马大将恺彻未到时，此间有何景物。计惟有天造草昧，人功未施，其借征人境者，不过几处荒坟，散见坡陀
3、起伏间，而灌木丛林，蒙茸山麓，未经删治如今日者，则无疑也。Thenativegrassesandweeds,thescatteredpatchesofgorse,contendedwithoneanotherforthepossessionofthescantysurfacesoil;theyfoughtagainstthedroughtsofsummer,thefrostsofwinter,andthefuriousgaleswhichswept,withunbrokenforce,nowfromthe[2]Atlantic,andnowfromtheNorthSea,atalltimeso
4、ftheyear;theyfilledup,astheybestmight,thegapsmadeintheirranksbyallsortsofundergroundandovergroundanimalravagers.Oneyearwithanother,anaveragepopulation,thefloatingbalanceoftheunceasingstruggleforexistenceamongtheindigenousplants,maintaineditself.Itisaslittletobedoubted,thatanessentiallysimilarstateof
5、natureprevailed,inthisregion,formanythousandyearsbeforethecomingofCaesar;andthereisnoassignablereasonfordenyingthatitmightcontinuetoexistthroughanequallyprolongedfuturity,exceptfortheinterventionofman.怒生之草，交加之藤，势如争长相雄。各据一抔壤土，夏与畏日争，冬与严霜争，四时之内，飘风怒吹，或西发西洋，或东起北海，旁午交扇，无时而息。上有鸟兽之践啄，下有蚁蝝之齧伤，憔悴孤虚，旋生旋灭，菀枯顷刻，
6、莫可究详。是离离者亦各尽天能，以自存种族而已。数亩之内，战事炽然。强者后亡，弱者先绝。年年岁岁，偏有留遗。未知始自何年，更不知止于何代。苟人事不施于其间，则莽莽榛榛，长此互相吞并，混逐蔓延而已，而诘之者谁耶？Reckonedbyourcustomarystandardsofduration,thenativevegetation,likethe"everlastinghills"whichitclothes,seemsatypeofpermanence.ThelittleAmarellaGentians,whichaboundinsomeplacesto-day,arethedescendan
7、tsofthosethatweretroddenunderfoot,bytheprehistoricsavageswhohavelefttheirflinttools,about,3hereandthere;andtheyfollowedancestorswhich,intheclimateoftheglacialepoch,probablyflourishedbetterthantheydono
