2023年高考英语压轴题专项训练（全国卷专用）3 阅读理解之说明文（解析版）

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压轴题03阅读理解之说明文阅读理解说明文，是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事例，达到教人以知识的目的。在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，在新高考卷的阅读理解中每年都涉及到说明文的考查，是必考问题之一。从命题形式上来看，说明文阅读常考主旨大意题和猜义题。说明文一般层次分明，结构清晰，逻辑关系清晰。因此考生在备考时要多加关注，勤加练习。说明文的选材都是各专业领域的前沿问题，尤以科技类说明文居多。说明文的词汇和句式的运用比其他体裁文章而言，难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一个词的不同词性用法交替出现。未列入考纲的生词较多，专业术语也多，且对考生而言比较陌生。文章中的长难句比较多。这些都导致考生在阅读时难度很大。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、事实细节题属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。第一种是直接理解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题，正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常为：①Whichofthefollowingistrue/NOTtrueinthepassage?②WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTdiscussed/mentionedinthepassage?③Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?④AllthefollowingstatementsareNOTtrueexcept     .细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词，如：表因果关系的because,since,as等；表转折关系的but,however,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand等等。二、词义猜测类题型

1在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手：1）根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义在be，becalled，call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。例如：Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。2）根据对比关系猜测生词的词义在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如：ThoughTom’sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。3）通过因果关系猜测词义because,since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词，so...that与such...that中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如：Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong.根据because从句所讲的意思，我们就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。4）根据生活常识猜测词义运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如：Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecold.根据句子意思及生活经验，wither表示“枯萎”。5）根据同等关系猜测词义同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如：Atforty-twohewasinhisprimeandalwaysfullofenergy.从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的fullofenergy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。6）根据构词法知识猜测词义根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。三、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题

2文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。（2023·甘肃兰州·校联考一模）Imaginehavingtheopportunitytosingtogetherwithhundredsofotherpeoplewhileyouareathomealone.Youcandothisinavirtualchoir.Virtualchoirmembersrecordthemselveswhiletheyperformaloneonvideo.ThesevideosareuploadedontotheInternet,andthentheyareputtogetherintoonevideothatyoucanseeonline—avirtualchoir.Anyonecantakepartinavirtualchoirfromanywhere—allyouneedisavideocameraandanInternetconnection.Avirtualchoirenablespeopletoaddtheirvoicestothoseofotherindividualsandbecomepartoftheglobalcommunity.Ithasprovedtobeapositiveinfluenceonthelivesofmanypeople.Thevirtualchoirwastheideaofaward-winningcomposerandconductorEricWhitacre.HefellinlovewithMozart’sclassicalmusicwhenhesangfortheuniversitychoir.Movedbythismusic,hesaid,“Itwaslikeseeingcolorforthefirsttime.“Overtenyearsafterhisgraduation,Whitacre’soriginalcompositionsbegantobecomequitepopularamongchoirsandsingers.Thisledtothecreationofthevirtualchoir.In2009,Whitacrereceivedavideoofagirlwhowassingingoneofhisworks.Inspired,heaskedhisfanstomakevideos,whichhethenjoinedtogetherintooneperformance.Hisfirstvirtualchoir,“LuxAurumque”,had198singersfrom12differentcountries.IthasreceivedmillionsofviewsontheInternet.Sincethen,thevirtualchoirhasbecomeaworldwidephenomenon.Whitacre’snexteffortwasthevirtualYouthChoirforUNICEF,whichwasfirstseenonstageon23July2014intheUK.Altogether,2,292youngpeoplefrom80countriesjoinedintosingWhitacre’ssong“WhatIf”.Thevirtualchoirisawonderfulwayforpeoplearoundtheworldtosingwithonevoiceandthusmaketheworldabetterplace.1．Whichofthefollowingisavirtualchoir?

3A．Manymembersperformingontheirown.B．Hundredsofpeoplesingingtogetheronastage.C．Manypeoplesingingonlinetogetheratthesametime.D．IndividualsingingvideoscombinedintooneontheInternet.2．Whatresultedintheappearanceofthevirtualchoir?A．ThepopularityofWhitacre’scomposition.B．TheencouragementofWhitacre’sprofessor.C．Whitacre’sdesireofbeingafamouscomposer.D．Whitacre’sloveforcommunicationwithothers.3．WhatcanwelearnaboutWhitacre’sfirstvirtualchoir?A．Hehadthousandsofhisfansmakevideos.B．Hejoinednearlytwohundredvideostogether.C．HemadehisfirstvirtualchoironstageintheUK.D．Heaskedagirltosinghisworktomakeitpopular.4．Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A．ToadvertiseWhitacre’smusiccomposition.B．Tointroducetheinfluenceofthevirtualchoir.C．TopersuadepeopletojoinWhitacre’schoirteam.D．Toappealtonetizenstocomposetheirownmusic.【答案】1．D    2．A    3．B    4．B【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了虚拟合唱团的诞生，以及对世界的积极影响。1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Virtualchoirmembersrecordthemselveswhiletheyperformaloneonvideo.ThesevideosareuploadedontotheInternet,andthentheyareputtogetherintoonevideothatyoucanseeonline—avirtualchoir.(虚拟唱诗班成员在独自表演时录下自己的视频。这些视频被上传到互联网上，然后它们被整合成一个视频，你可以在网上看到一个虚拟的合唱团。)”可知，个人唱歌视频上传到网上，并整合而成虚拟合唱团。故选D项。2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Overtenyearsafterhisgraduation,Whitacre’soriginalcompositionsbegantobecomequitepopularamongchoirsandsingers.Thisledtothecreationofthevirtualchoir.(毕业十多年后，惠特克的原创作品开始在唱诗班和歌手中流行起来。这导致了虚拟合唱团的诞生。)”可知，惠特克的作品在唱诗班和歌手中流行起来导致虚拟合唱团的产生。故选A项。3．推理判断题。根据第三段“In2009,Whitacrereceivedavideoofagirlwhowassingingoneofhisworks.

4Inspired,heaskedhisfanstomakevideos,whichhethenjoinedtogetherintooneperformance.Hisfirstvirtualchoir,‘LuxAurumque’,had198singersfrom12differentcountries.(2009年，惠塔克收到了一段视频，视频中一个女孩正在演唱他的一首作品。受到启发，他让他的粉丝制作视频，然后他把这些视频组合成一场表演。他的第一个虚拟合唱团LuxAurumque有来自12个不同国家的198名歌手。)”可知，惠塔克的第一个虚拟合唱团的表演是由198个不同国家的歌手的视频合成而来的。故选B项。4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Thevirtualchoirisawonderfulwayforpeoplearoundtheworldtosingwithonevoiceandthusmaketheworldabetterplace.(虚拟合唱团是一种美妙的方式，让世界各地的人们用一种声音唱歌，从而使世界变得更美好。)”可知，虚拟合唱团这种合唱方式对人们的生活产生了积极的影响，此处介绍了虚拟合唱团对世界的影响。故选B项。（2023·甘肃兰州·校联考一模）Manyanimalsandplantsareendangeredintheworldtoday.Theseendangeredspeciesarethreatenedwithbecomingextinct,meaningtheywillnolongerexistonEarth.ExamplesincludetheCubanMacawandtheSriLankanLegumeTree.Illegalhunting,andcollectingoftheMacawbirdforpets,ledtoitsextinction.WhilethemainreasonthenativeSriLankanLegumeTreewentextinctwasduetohabitatlossfromdevelopmentinthe20thcentury.Themaincauseforanimalsandplantsdisappearingisoftenadamagetothefoodchainduetohunting,habitatlossoreventheintroductionofinvasivespecies.Everylivingthingfromone-celledanimalstoabluewhaleneedstoeat.Natureisconnectedandcontrolledbymanyfragilefoodchains.Afoodchaindescribeswhoeatswhominahabitat.Whenoneofthelinksinafoodchainisnolongerpresent—forexample,aspeciesgoesextinct—thefoodchainbreaksandsometimesthiscancauseotheranimalstodisappearandthewholesystemcanbecomeimbalancedorevencollapsed.Humanscanhavedisastrouseffectsonfoodchains.Whenpeoplefirstexploredtheworld,theytookanimalandplantspeciesfromtheirhomecountriestotheplacestheyexploredandsettledin.Theydidnotrealisetheconsequencesofintroducinginvasivespecies.Bydoingso,theyweredamagingthenaturalfoodchainsoftheareastheyexplored.Nowadaystherearestrictrulescontrollingthemovementofanimalsandplantsbetweencountries.Butsomepartsoftheworldarestillexperiencingproblemswithinvasivespeciesintroducedhundredsofyearsago.Withrisingawarenessofhowweaffectthenaturalenvironment,hopefullywecanlearntoprotectthesefoodchainsandhelpthemtothrive.Otherwisethecontinuedlossofspecieswilleventuallymeanourownextinction.5．WhichisthemainreasonforCubanMacaw’sextinction?A．Habitatloss.B．Illegalhunting.C．Invasivespecies.D．Foodchaindamage.6．Whatdoweknowaboutafoodchaininparagraph2?

5A．Itonlyaffectsone-celledanimals.B．Itisalwaysbrokenbyinvasivespecies.C．Itdecidesthebalanceofthewholesystem.D．Itbreaksafternearlytenspeciesdisappear.7．Howdohumansseriouslyaffectfoodchains?A．Byexploringnewplaces.B．Byhuntingendangeredanimals.C．Byintroducinginvasivespecies.D．Bypollutingnaturalenvironment.8．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．DamageofInvasiveSpeciesB．EffectofIllegalHuntingonaHabitatC．DisappearanceofEndangeredSpeciesD．TheLinkbetweenFoodChainsandExtinction【答案】5．B    6．C    7．C    8．D【导语】本文为一篇说明我。由于狩猎、栖息地丧失甚至是入侵性生物的引入，当今世界上许多动植物濒临灭绝，文章指出：保护食物链的平衡才能保证人类不被自己灭绝。5．细节理解题。根据第一段“ExamplesincludetheCubanMacawandtheSriLankanLegumeTree.Illegalhunting,andcollectingoftheMacawbirdforpets,ledtoitsextinction.(例如古巴金刚鹦鹉和斯里兰卡豆科树。非法狩猎和收集金刚鹦鹉作为宠物导致了它的灭绝。)”可知，非法狩猎导致金刚鹦鹉灭绝。故选B项。6．推理判断题。根据第二段“Natureisconnectedandcontrolledbymanyfragilefoodchains.Afoodchaindescribeswhoeatswhominahabitat.Whenoneofthelinksinafoodchainisnolongerpresent—forexample,aspeciesgoesextinct—thefoodchainbreaksandsometimesthiscancauseotheranimalstodisappearandthewholesystemcanbecomeimbalancedorevencollapsed.(大自然是由许多脆弱的食物链连接和控制的。食物链描述了在栖息地中谁吃谁。当食物链中的一个环节不再存在时，例如，一个物种灭绝，食物链就会断裂，有时这可能导致其他动物消失，整个系统就会变得不平衡甚至崩溃。)”可知，食物链的每个环节都决定着整个系统的平衡，故选C项。7．推理判断题。根据第三段“Humanscanhavedisastrouseffectsonfoodchains.Whenpeoplefirstexploredtheworld,theytookanimalandplantspeciesfromtheirhomecountriestotheplacestheyexploredandsettledin.Theydidnotrealisetheconsequencesofintroducinginvasivespecies.Bydoingso,theyweredamagingthenaturalfoodchainsoftheareastheyexplored.

6(人类可以对食物链造成灾难性的影响。当人们第一次探索世界时，他们从自己的国家把动物和植物物种带到他们探索和定居的地方。他们没有意识到引入入侵物种的后果。通过这样做，他们正在破坏他们所探索地区的自然食物链。)”可知，因为人们引入入侵物种，给食物链造成灾难性的影响。故选C项。8．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段最后一句“Themaincauseforanimalsandplantsdisappearingisoftenadamagetothefoodchainduetohunting,habitatlossoreventheintroductionofinvasivespecies.(动植物消失的主要原因往往是由于狩猎、栖息地丧失甚至是入侵物种的引入而破坏了食物链。)”，最后一段“Withrisingawarenessofhowweaffectthenaturalenvironment,hopefullywecanlearntoprotectthesefoodchainsandhelpthemtothrive.Otherwisethecontinuedlossofspecieswilleventuallymeanourownextinction.(随着人们对人类如何影响自然环境的认识不断提高，希望我们能够学会保护这些食物链，帮助它们茁壮成长。否则，物种的持续减少最终将意味着我们自己的灭绝。)”可知，文章介绍了生态系统中某一环节的动植物的消失会破坏食物链，最终影响到人类的生存，故D项“TheLinkbetweenFoodChainsandExtinction(食物链与物种灭绝之间的联系)”作为文章标题，比较贴切。故选D项。（2023·河南郑州·统考二模）Sixmonthsbeforeshedied,mygrandmothermovedintoanoldpeople’shomeandIvisitedherthere.Theroomwascleanandwarm,andthecareassistantswerekindandcheerful.Ageneralknowledgequizshowwasonthetelevision,andtheonlyothersoundwassnoring.Peoplemovedonlywhentheyneededtobehelpedtothebathroom.Itwasdisappointing.Grandmothertalkedalotabouthowmuchshemissedseeinghergrandchildren,butIknewfrommysisterthattheyhatedgoingtovisitherthere.SoIwasinterestedtoreadanewspaperarticleaboutanewconceptinoldpeople’shomesinFrance.Theideaissimple,butrevolutionary—combiningaresidentialhomefortheelderlywithanurseryschoolinthesamebuilding.Thechildrenandtheresidentseatlunchtogetherandshareactivities.Intheafternoons,theresidentsenjoyreadingortellingstoriestothechildren,andifachildisfeelingsadortired,thereisalwaysakindlaptositon.Theadvantagesarehugeforeveryoneconcerned.Thechildrenarehappy,becausetheygetalotmoreindividualattention.Theresidentsarehappybecausetheyfeelusefulandneeded.Andthestaffarehappybecausetheyseeanimprovementinthephysicalandpsychologicalhealthoftheresidentsandhaveanarmyofassistantstohelpwiththechildren.Nowadaysthereislessandlesscontactbetweentheoldandtheyounginanincreasingnumberofcountries.Therearemanyreasonsforthis,includingthebreakdownoftheextendedfamily,workingparentswithnotimetocareforageingrelations,familiesthathavemovedaway,andsmallerflatswithnoroomforgrandparents.Buttheresultisthesame-increasingnumbersofchildrenwithoutgrandparentsandoldpeoplewhohavenocontactwithchildren,andmoreoldpeoplewhoarelonelyandfeeluseless,alongwithmoreandmorefamilieswithyoung

7childrenwhodesperatelyneedmoresupport.Ifsamajorprobleminmanysocieties.That’swhyintergenerationalprograms,designedtobringtheoldandtheyoungtogether,aregrowinginpopularityallovertheworld.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“residents”inparagraph2probablyreferto?A．Oldpeople.B．Schoolteachers.C．Assistants.D．Staff.10．Howweretheoldpeopleatthehometheauthor’sgrandmotherwasin?A．Theyfeltlonelyanduseless.B．Theyweren’tallowedtobevisited.C．Theyweren’tlookedafterproperly.D．Theylivedinadirtyanduncomfortableroom.11．Whatdoestheauthorthinkisamajorprobleminmanysocietiestoday?A．Theextendedfamilyisbrokendown.B．Thereisn’tmuchroomforgrandparents.C．Workingparentshavenotimetocarefortheirchildren.D．Thereisn’tmuchcontactbetweentheoldandtheyoung.12．Whatwillbeprobablytalkedaboutlaterinthepassage?A．Adviceonhowtocommunicatewithchildren.B．Plansforsettingupmorehomesforoldpeople.C．Examplesofsuccessfulintergenerationalprograms.D．Waysofteachingentertainmentskillstooldpeople.【答案】9．A    10．A    11．D    12．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了养老院的老人总是觉得孤独和不被需要，法国有了一个把老人院和幼儿园结合在一栋楼里的想法，介绍了这一做法的好处。9．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Theideaissimple,butrevolutionary—combiningaresidentialhomefortheelderlywithanurseryschoolinthesamebuilding.(这个想法很简单，但却是革命性的——在同一栋楼里把养老院和幼儿园结合起来)”以及画线词后文“eatlunchtogetherandshareactivities”可知，这个想法把老人院和幼儿园结合了起来，让孩子们和老人们一起吃午饭，分享活动。故画线词意思是“老人”。故选A。10．细节理解题。根据第一段“Grandmothertalkedalotabouthowmuchshemissedseeinghergrandchildren,butIknewfrommysisterthattheyhatedgoingtovisitherthere.(祖母经常说她多么想念孙子孙女们，但我从姐姐那里知道，他们不喜欢去那里看她)”以及第三段中“Theresidentsarehappybecausetheyfeelusefulandneeded.(老人们很高兴，因为他们觉得自己是有用的和被需要的)”可知，作者祖母住的那所房子里的老人感到孤独和无用。故选A。11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Nowadaysthereislessandlesscontactbetweentheoldandtheyounginan

8increasingnumberofcountries.(如今，在越来越多的国家，老年人和年轻人之间的接触越来越少)”可知，作者认为当今社会的主要问题是老年人和年轻人之间没有太多的接触。故选D。12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“That’swhyintergenerationalprograms,designedtobringtheoldandtheyoungtogether,aregrowinginpopularityallovertheworld.(这就是为什么旨在将老年人和年轻人结合在一起的代际计划在世界各地越来越受欢迎)”可推知，这篇文章后面可能会讨论成功的代际项目的例子。故选C。（2023·河南郑州·统考二模）Microplasticpollutionisincreasinggreatlyaroundtheglobe,accordingtoastudyofplasticparticles(微粒)carriedintheair.Peoplearealreadyknowntobreathe,drinkandeatmicroplastics,andresearchsuggeststhatpollutionlevelswillcontinuetoriserapidly.Theresearcherssaidthatbreathingintheseparticlescanbeharmfultolungtissueandleadtoseriousdiseases.ProfessorNatalieMahowald,atCornellUniversityintheUSandpartoftheresearchteam,said,“Butmaybewecouldsolvethisbeforeitbecomesahugeproblem,ifwemanageourplasticsbetter,beforetheyaccumulateintheenvironmentandmovearoundeverywhere.”Theresearch,publishedinthejournalProceedingsoftheNationalAcadenryofSciences,examinedairborne(空气传播的)microplastics,whichhavebeenfarlessstudiedthanplasticsinoceansandrivers.Theteamgatheredmorethan300samplesofairbornemicroplasticsfrom11sitesacrossthewesternUS.Thesewerethebasisforatmosphericmodelingthatestimatedthecontributionfromdifferentsources(来源),anditwasthefirstsuchstudytodoso.Theyfoundthatroadswerethemainfactor(因素)inthewesternUS,linkedtoabout85%ofthemicroplasticsintheair.Thesearelikelytoincludeparticlesfromtiresandbrakepadsonvehicles,andplasticsfromlitterthathadbeenbrokendown.TheresearchersextendedtheirmodelingworktoagloballevelandthissuggestedthatwhileroadsarealsolikelytobethemajordriverofairborneplasticsinEurope,SouthAmericaandAustralia,plasticparticlesblownupfromfieldsmaybeamuchbiggerfactorinAfricaandAsia.ProfessorAndreasStohloftheUniversityofVienna’sFacultyofEarthSciencessaid,“Thestudyconfirmstheglobal-scale(全球规模的)natureofmicroplastictransportintheatmosphereanddoesagoodjobinhighlightinghighlyrelevantandconcerningpossibilities,butmoremeasurementdataisneededtogetabetterideaofthesources.”13．Whatcanbeknownaboutmicroplasticpollutionfromthistext?A．Theparticlescandogreatharmtoourlungs.B．Airbornemicroplasticshavebeenwidelystudied.

9C．Ithasbecomethemostpressingenvironmentalproblem.D．Thereislessplasticintheairthaninoceansandrivers.14．Whatdidtheresearchersfindoutaboutmicroplasticpollution?A．Itsresultsdifferacrossmanycontinents.B．AfricaandAsiaaresufferingmostfromit.C．Roadsandfieldsarelargelytoblameforit.D．Itspreadsfastfromonecontinenttoanother.15．WhatshouldtheresearchersdonextaccordingtoProfessorAndreasStohl?A．Topredictthepotentialdamageofmicroplastics.B．Tounderstandthenatureofmicroplasticpollution.C．Toimprovethemethodofcollectingsamplesofmicroplastics.D．Tocollectmoredatatounderstandthesourcesofmicroplastics.16．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthistext?A．EffectsofmicroplasticsonhumanhealthB．MicroplasticpollutionontheglobalscaleC．PossiblesolutionstomicroplasticpollutionD．Microplasticpollutionrisingquicklyintheair【答案】13．A    14．C    15．D    16．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了根据一项对空气中塑料颗粒的研究，微塑料污染正在全球范围内大幅增加。13．细节理解题。根据第二段“Theresearcherssaidthatbreathingintheseparticlescanbeharmfultolungtissueandleadtoseriousdiseases.(研究人员表示，吸入这些颗粒会对肺组织有害，并导致严重的疾病。)”可知，这些颗粒会对我们的肺部造成巨大的伤害。故选A。14．细节理解题。根据第六段“Theyfoundthatroadswerethemainfactor(因素)inthewesternUS,linkedtoabout85%ofthemicroplasticsintheair.(他们发现，道路是美国西部的主要因素，空气中约85%的微塑料都与道路有关。)”以及第七段“TheresearchersextendedtheirmodelingworktoagloballevelandthissuggestedthatwhileroadsarealsolikelytobethemajordriverofairborneplasticsinEurope,SouthAmericaandAustralia,plasticparticlesblownupfromfieldsmaybeamuchbiggerfactorinAfricaandAsia.(研究人员将他们的建模工作扩展到全球水平，这表明在欧洲、南美和澳大利亚，道路也可能是空气中塑料的主要驱动因素，而在非洲和亚洲，来自田野的塑料颗粒可能是一个更大的因素。)可知，地区之间空气传播的塑料污染的主要因素是不同的，道路和田地在很大程度上是罪魁祸首。故选C。

1015．细节理解题。根据最后一段ProfessorAndreasStohl说的“Thestudyconfirmstheglobal-scale(全球规模的)natureofmicroplastictransportintheatmosphereanddoesagoodjobinhighlightinghighlyrelevantandconcerningpossibilities,butmoremeasurementdataisneededtogetabetterideaofthesources.”(该研究证实了大气中微塑料迁移的全球规模性质，并在突出高度相关和令人担忧的可能性方面做了很好的工作，但需要更多的测量数据来更好地了解来源。)可知，根据AndreasStohI教授的介绍，研究的下一步是获得更多数据，以了解微塑料的来源。故选D。16．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Microplasticpollutionisincreasinggreatlyaroundtheglobe,accordingtoastudyofplasticparticles(微粒)carriedintheair.”(根据一项对空气中塑料颗粒的研究，微塑料污染正在全球范围内大幅增加。)以及下文的对研究的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了微塑料污染越来越严重，因此推断D项(塑料污染在空气中迅速上升)是本文的最佳标题。故选D。（2023·河南平顶山·统考二模）Chinesecompaniesarerampingup(提高)productioncapacityinEurope,aslocalcustomers’demandforChineseheatingproductsrangingfromelectriccarpetsandheatpumps(热泵)toheatersandhot-waterbagshasboomed.Europefacesanenormousgapinfuelsuppliesthatmakesthewinterintolerablycoldformanyhouseholds.EuropeanfirmshavebeenactivelysourcingwarmingequipmentfromChinesesellersinrecentmonthstohelpgetthroughthewinter,astheregionfacestightenergysuppliesafterrelationswithRussiasoured.RussiausedtobeEurope’sbiggestsupplierofnaturalgas.DataprovidedbyChineseCustomsshowedthatinJuly,theEUimportedabout1.29millionelectriccarpetsfromChina,upnearly150percentfromJune.TheenergycrisisinEuropeisboostingtheheatpumpmarket,ChengLin,generalmanagerofMBToverseasbusinesswithMideaGroup,saidinanonlinevideoconference,alongwithEurope’seffortstorealizecarbonneutrality.LuoLanxian,managerofahot-waterbagshopinYiwu,toldtheGlobalTimesonThursdaythatordersfromEuropewereupabout20-30percentthisyear.“Europeancustomersusedtobeconservativeinplacingorders,butthisyearthey’rebolder(大胆的),”shesaid.ExpertssaidthattherisingpopularityofChinese“heatinggadgets(小器具)”isanotherexampleofChineseprivateeconomyhelpingoverseashouseholdsgetthroughtheenergysupplycrunch(短缺).Thatistosay,withoutChina,it’shardforEuropetofindothersourcestomeetthemountingmarketdemand,asfactorieselsewherecan’tadjustsupplychainsasfastasChina.17．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sourcing”meaninParagraph2?A．Originating.B．Obtaining.C．Providing.4D．Selling.

1118．WhichwordcanbestdescribeEuropeancustomersinthepast?A．Fearless.B．Courageous.C．Traditional.D．Adventurous.19．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Chineseprivateeconomyhelpedforeignersovercometheshortageofenergysupplybefore.B．EuropeanscanonlyfindthefastestadjustmentofsupplychainsinChina.C．RussiahasbeenEurope’sbiggestsupplierofnaturalgas.D．TheenergycrisisinEuropemakeslittledifferencetotheheatpumpmarket.20．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?A．ThebusinessoftheChinese.B．Europeans’greatdemandforheatinggadgets.C．ThegreatpopularityofChineseheatingproductsinEurope.D．TheboomoftheresourceneedinEurope.【答案】17．B    18．C    19．A    20．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的供暖产品在欧洲的热销。17．词句猜测题。根据画线词后半句“astheregionfacestightenergysuppliesafterrelationswithRussiasoured.(因为在与俄罗斯关系恶化后，该地区面临着能源供应紧张的局面。)”可知，为了能够度过这个冬天，欧洲的一些公司在最近几个月一直从中国销售商获取取暖设备。所以source在此为动词，表示“（从……）获得”之意。故选B。18．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Europeancustomersusedtobeconservativeinplacingorders,butthisyearthey’rebolder(大胆的),”shesaid.(她说：“欧洲客户过去在下订单方面很保守，但今年他们更大胆了。”)”可推断，欧洲的顾客在过去下订单的时候比较保守。故选C。19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“ExpertssaidthattherisingpopularityofChinese“heatinggadgets(小器具)”isanotherexampleofChineseprivateeconomyhelpingoverseashouseholdsgetthroughtheenergysupplycrunch(短缺).(专家表示，中国“取暖设备”越来越受欢迎，这是中国私营经济帮助海外家庭度过能源供应危机的又一个例子。)”可知，说明这不是第一次了，以前中国的私营经济帮助过外国人克服了能源供应不足的问题。故选A。20．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Chinesecompaniesarerampingup(提高)productioncapacityinEurope,aslocalcustomers’demandforChineseheatingproductsrangingfromelectriccarpetsandheatpumps(热泵)toheatersandhot-waterbagshasboomed.(随着欧洲客户对中国供暖产品（从电热毯、热泵到加热器和热水袋）的需求激增，中国企业正在提高在欧洲的产能。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了中国的供暖产品在欧洲的热销。故选C。

12（2023·宁夏银川·银川二中校考一模）Whiletheartscan’tstoptheCOVID-19virusorthesocialunrestweseeintheworldtoday,theycangiveusinsightsintothechoiceswemakewhenmovingthroughcrisesandchaos.Theartsinviteeveryonetothinkinnewways.Weoftenexperienceworksofartassomethingthat’spleasingtooursenseswithoutafullunderstandingofthecreativeeffort.Greatartoftenshowsuscontradictionsandcrises,andwecanlearnagreatdealfromtheirresolutions.Throughourunderstandingofart,wecangainadeeperunderstandingofhowwemightovercomeourownchallenges.Inunderstandingextremesofcontrast,wecanseethebeautyinartwiththemesthatarenotsimplypleasingfortheirmagnificentfeaturesorqualities.Beethovenoffersawonderfulexampleofmovingartfullythroughcrisesandchaos.HecomposedhisSymphonyNo.9ashishearinglossbecamemoreandmorepronounced.Theopeningofthesymphonyseemstocomeoutofnowhere,fromnearsilenceintheopeningtoafullexpressionofwhatmanyconsidertobethejoyoffreedomanduniversalbrotherhoodwithSchiller’sOdetojoy(欢乐颂).Beethovenappearstohavecreatedaworkofartthatnotonlyfreedhimfromhispersonalstruggles,butonethatalsospeakstothejoyoflivingtogetherinpeaceandharmony.Haveadialoguebetweenthetwoopposingpartsandyouwillfindthattheyalwaysstartoutfightingeachotheruntilwecometoanappreciationofdifference—theonenessofthetwoopposingforces.Theartsoffermanylessonsthatcanhelpusgaintheknowledgeweneedtomovemoreconfidentlyintoday’scompetitiveanduncertainenvironment.Theopennesstoarts-basedsolutionswillgiveyoumorecontroloveryourfuture.21．Whatvaluedoesarthavebeyondpleasingpeople’ssenses?A．Itbringspeopleinnerpeace.B．Itdeepensunderstandingofmusic.C．Itreducesthepossibilityofcrises.D．Itcontributestoproblem-solving.22．WhatcanwelearnaboutBeethoven’sSymphonyNo.9?A．Itcelebratesfreedomandunity.B．Itaimstoshowcrisesandchaos.C．ItopenswithSchiller’sOdetoJoy.D．Itisquietandpeacefulthroughout.23．Whatistheauthor’ssuggestionondealingwithconflictingforces?A．Leavingthingsastheyare.B．Makingachoicebetweenthem.

13C．Engagingtheminaconversation.D．Separatingthemfromeachother.24．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．GettingThroughCriseswithArt.B．EssentialsofSymphonyNo.9.C．HowtoAppreciateArtinNewWays.D．JoyinTheEyesofBeethoven.【答案】21．D    22．A    23．C    24．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述的是在疫情影响下，艺术在应对危机和冲突中为人类提供了创造性思维。21．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Greatartoftenshowsuscontradictionsandcrises,andwecanlearnagreatdealfromtheirresolutions.(伟大的艺术常常向我们展示矛盾和危机，我们可以从他们的解决方案中学到很多东西。)”可知，我们可以在伟大的艺术中学到很多解决矛盾与危机的方法，由此可知，艺术除了愉悦人的感官外，还有助于解决问题。故选D项。22．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Theopeningofthesymphonyseemstocomeoutofnowhere,fromnearsilenceintheopeningtoafullexpressionofwhatmanyconsidertobethejoyoffreedomanduniversalbrotherhoodwithSchiller’sOdetojoy(欢乐颂).(交响曲的开头似乎是凭空而来的，从开头的近乎沉默，到席勒的《欢乐颂》充分表达了许多人认为是自由的喜悦和普遍的兄弟情谊。)”可知，贝多芬的第九交响曲充分表达了对自由的喜悦以及兄弟般的情谊，由此可推断，第九交响曲的主题是自由和团结。故选A项。23．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Haveadialoguebetweenthetwoopposingpartsandyouwillfindthattheyalwaysstartoutfightingeachotheruntilwecometoanappreciationofdifference—theonenessofthetwoopposingforces.(在对立的两部分之间进行对话，你会发现他们总是开始互相争斗，直到我们认识到差异-——两种对立力量的统一性。)”可知，作者认为在对立双方间进行对话，可以发现双方都是从开始斗争到后来的彼此欣赏，由此可推断，作者对处理矛盾冲突的建议是让各方进行对话。故选C项。24．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Whiletheartscan’tstoptheCOVID-19virusorthesocialunrestweseeintheworldtoday,theycangiveusinsightsintothechoiceswemakewhenmovingthroughcrisesandchaos.Theartsinviteeveryonetothinkinnewways.(虽然艺术不能阻止新冠病毒或我们今天看到的社会动荡，但它们可以让我们深入了解我们在经历危机和混乱时所做的选择。艺术邀请每个人以新的方式思考。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是艺术可以帮助人们以新的思考方式解决危机和混乱，结合最后一段中的“Theopennesstoarts-basedsolutionswillgiveyoumorecontroloveryour

14future.(对基于艺术的解决方案的开放性将使您更好地控制自己的未来。)”可知，基于艺术的解决方案可以帮助我们更好的控制自己的未来，所以本文的题目是“艺术地度过危机”符合文章主旨。故选A项。（2023·宁夏银川·银川二中校考一模）Whatwillyoudowhenoneofthefewbookstoresinyourneighborhoodshutsdown?Ifyou’reLatanyaDeVaughn,youwillmakeanewandimprovedone!TheBronxmomandwriterhasalwaysdreamedofopeningherownbookstore,soafterwatchinganothercloseitsdoorsforgood,shesawherchance.WhileLatanyasaideveryneigihborhooddeservedabookstore,openingphysicalstoresoneveryblocksimplywasn’tanoption.Soshedecidedtobringthebookstoherneighbors,instead,byturningabusintoabookmobile!Withthehelpofhercommunity,sheraisedmoneyforherdreamand,attheendof2021,itcametrue!BronxBoundBooksrolledoutinstyleasabuswithorangecubebookshelves.“Peoplelovethewayitsmells,”Latanyaadded.“Onewomansaidthewoodsmellmakesherfeellikeshe’sathome.”Althoughthebookstoreonwheelscarriesaround3,0000newandusedbooks,ithasmoreroomthanyoumightexpect!Latanyaalsomakessuretostockbookswithavarietyofcharacterssoallreaderscanseethemselvesinthepages.Ofcourse,hercollectionalsofeaturesworksofnotedBlackauthorslikeJamesBaldwinandAliceWalker.“It’smeanttobethatway,”sheexplained,“becauseIremembergoingtobookstoresandhavingtolookthroughbooksjusttofindsomeonethatIfeltIcouldresonatewith(引起共鸣).”Settingupherbookstoreinanewspoteachday,LatanyaisdoingherparttomakesurethateveryoneintheBronxhasbookstoread.That’swhatBronxBoundBooksisopenfor.“Ican’topenupabookstoreoneverycorner,butIcanprobablypopuponalotofdifferentcorners,”shesaid.ThankstoLatanyaandBronxBoundBooks,theBronxisbecomingaheavenforbookloversdaybyday.I’msurethatthelittlebookstorewillcontinuetodevelopquickly!25．HowdidLatangaDeVoughnrespondtotheshutdownofbookstores?A．Shepurchasedandreopenedthemsoon.B．Shesetupherownspecialbookstore.C．Sheopenedcommonstoresoneveryblock.D．Sheaskedherneighborstoopenanewone.26．JamesBaldwinandAliceWalkerarementionedinparagraph3toshowthat.A．it’shardtostockbookswithdiversecharactersB．thecollectionofBronxBoundBooksisdiverseC．allreaderscanseethemselvesinBlackauthorsD．findingsomeonewithcommoninterestisn’teasy27．WhyisBronxBoundBooksopen?

15A．Torecycleoldbooksaroundtheneighborhood.B．ToraisemoneyforLatanyaDeVaughn’sdream.C．TomakereadingaccessibletoeveryoneintheBronx.D．Toopenupabookstoreoneverycorneracrosstheworld.28．WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBronxBoundBooks?A．Conservative.B．Unaffordable.C．Controversial.D．Promising.【答案】25．B    26．B    27．C    28．D【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了布朗克斯（Bronx）的一位母亲拉塔尼亚·德沃恩（LatanyaDeVaughn）看到很多书店倒闭后，开了一家流动书店，确保每一位布朗克斯人都能有书读。25．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“TheBronxmomandwriterhasalwaysdreamedofopeningherownbookstore,soafterwatchinganothercloseitsdoorsforgood,shesawherchance.(这位布朗克斯的母亲兼作家一直梦想着开一家自己的书店，所以在看到另一家书店永远关门后，她看到了自己的机会)”可知，当最后一家书店倒闭后，她认为自己实现开书店梦想的机会到了，由此可知，她通过开一家自己的书店作为书店倒闭的回应。故选B项。26．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Latanyaalsomakessuretostockbookswithavarietyofcharacterssoallreaderscanseethemselvesinthepages.Ofcourse,hercollectionalsofeaturesworksofnotedBlackauthorslikeJamesBaldwinandAliceWalker.(拉塔尼亚还确保备有各种角色的书籍，这样所有读者都能在书中看到自己。当然，她的收藏也包括詹姆斯·鲍德温和爱丽丝·沃克等著名黑人作家的作品)”可推知，提到詹姆斯·鲍德温和爱丽丝·沃克这两位人物是为了说明书的多样性。故选B项。27．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Settingupherbookstoreinanewspoteachday,LatanyaisdoingherparttomakesurethateveryoneintheBronxhasbookstoread.That’swhatBronxBoundBooksisopenfor.(拉塔尼亚每天都在一个新的地方开设书店，她尽自己的一份力量，确保布朗克斯的每个人都有书可读。布朗克斯精装书店就是这么开的)”可知，布朗克斯精装书店的经营目的是确保每一位布朗克斯人能有书可读。故选C项。28．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“ThankstoLatanyaandBronxBoundBooks,theBronxisbecomingaheavenforbookloversdaybyday.I’msurethatthelittlebookstorewillcontinuetodevelopquickly!(多亏了拉塔尼亚和布朗克斯精装书店，布朗克斯正一天天成为爱书人的天堂。我相信这个小书店会继续快速发展的！)”可知，作者在描述该流动书店时说“我相信这个小书店会继续快速发展起来”。由此推知，作者认为这个书店有很好的发展前景。故选D项。（2023·内蒙古包头·统考一模）AteamofresearchersatETHZurichhastheperfectlong-lastingsolutionto

16ourfogproblem.Theyhavedevelopedaverythinandgold-basedtransparentcoating(涂层)thatcanconvertsunlightintoheat,whichcanbeappliedtoglassandothersurfacestopreventthemfromfogging.Thespecialcoatingisdevelopedusingtitaniumoxideandgoldparticles.Itselectivelyabsorbsinfraredradiations(红外线照射)fromthesunlightandcreatesaheatingeffectthatispowerfulenoughtokeepfogawayfromthesurfaceofanobject.Thecoatingbasicallyemploysheattostopfogging.Thecoatingabsorbsalargepartoftheinfraredradiation,whichcausesittoheatup-byupto8℃.Previously,productslikeanti-foggingsprayscreateaverythinfilmofwateronthesurfacetoremovefog.Theproblemwithsuchsurfacesispollution.Alongwithwater,thespraysalsoattractdirt,dust,oil,andvariousotherdirtysubstances,andjustalittledirtonthesurfacemakesituseless.However,thenewcoatingrepels(排斥)water.Furthermore,thecoatingissignificantlythinner,whichmakesitmoretransparentaswellasflexible.Itisheatedpassivelyandrequires,duringdaytime,noadditionalenergysource.Goldmightbeexpensive,buttheresearchersstressthattheircoatingrequiressolittlethatthematerialcostsremainlow.Theircoatingisproducedwithstandardizedandreadilyscalablemethods,allcost-effectively.However,althoughthisproductcanworkatverylowlevelsofsolarirradiation,itdoesrelyonacertainamountoflight.Theresearcherswilldevelopthecoatingfurtherforotherapplications.Intheprocess,theywillexaminewhetherothermetalsworkjustaswellasgold.Thereisnoneedtofear.However,thiswouldcauseacarorabuildingtoheatupmoreinthesummer.Theresearchershavealreadyfiledapatent.Hopefully,thisgroundbreakingproductwillsoonbeavailableonthemarket.29．Howdoesthenewcoatingworktoremovefog?A．Byreflectingpartofsunlightselectively.B．Bykeepingcoolairawayfromtheobject.C．Bycreatingathinfilmofwateronthesurface.D．Byabsorbinginfraredradiationstoheatthecoating.30．Whydoestheauthormentionpreviousanti-foggingproducts?A．Tostresstheadvantagesofthenewcoating.B．Tointroducetheinspirationbehindthenewcoating.C．Toprovethedifficultyofcreatinganti-foggingproducts.D．Toexplainthereasonfortheanti-foggingcoatingbeingpopular.31．Whatisthelimitationofthenewcoating?A．Itisconsiderablyexpensive.

17B．Itdependsonsunlighttowork.C．Ittakestoomuchtimetoproduce.D．Itisdifficulttocleanandmaintain.32．Whatdotheresearchersplantodonext?A．Applyforapatentfortheinvention.B．Developtheproductformorepracticaluses.C．Exploretheenvironmentalimpactofthecoating.D．Seekacheapermaterialasanalternativetogold.【答案】29．D    30．A    31．B    32．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述苏黎世联邦理工学院的一组研究人员找到了解决雾霾问题的完美持久解决方案。29．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Itselectivelyabsorbsinfraredradiations(红外线照射)fromthesunlightandcreatesaheatingeffectthatispowerfulenoughtokeepfogawayfromthesurfaceofanobject.(它选择性地吸收来自阳光的红外辐射，并产生强大的加热效应，足以使雾远离物体表面。)”可知，新涂层能通过吸收红外线辐射来加热涂层除去雾。故选D项。30．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Previously,productslikeanti-foggingsprayscreateaverythinfilmofwateronthesurfacetoremovefog.Theproblemwithsuchsurfacesispollution.(以前，像防雾喷雾剂这样的产品会在表面形成一层非常薄的水膜来消除雾。这种表面的问题是污染。)”以及“However,thenewcoatingrepels(排斥)water.Furthermore,thecoatingissignificantlythinner,whichmakesitmoretransparentaswellasflexible.Itisheatedpassivelyandrequires,duringdaytime,noadditionalenergysource.(但是，这种新涂层可以防水。此外，涂层明显更薄，这使得它更透明和灵活。它是被动加热的，在白天不需要额外的能源。)”可知，作者提到了以前的防雾产品强调新涂层的优点。故选A项。31．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“However,althoughthisproductcanworkatverylowlevelsofsolarirradiation,itdoesrelyonacertainamountoflight.(然而，尽管该产品可以在非常低水平的太阳照射下工作，但它确实依赖于一定量的光。)”可知，新涂层的局限性是依靠阳光工作。故选B项。32．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Theresearcherswilldevelopthecoatingfurtherforotherapplications.Intheprocess,theywillexaminewhetherothermetalsworkjustaswellasgold.(研究人员将进一步开发这种涂层以用于其他用途。在这个过程中，他们将检验其他金属是否能像黄金一样发挥作用。)”可知，研究人员计划下一步进行研究将产品开发为更实际的用途。故选B项。

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