《考研英语模拟72》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
[模拟]考研英语模拟72多项选择[听力原文]【短文大意】这是以讲座形式出现的谈话短篇。谈话开宗明义,开门见山地阐明谈话的主题:美国某岛300多年来居民耳聋率一直居高不下。谈话认为这是由近亲繁殖及基因遗传所致。电话的发明者Bell先生也曾亲临该岛进行研究。由于基因遗传等理论仍不十分清楚,有许多问题当时尚不能解决。但是,本世纪以来,当地人与外地人的通婚已使耳聋现象有所缓解,耳聋率有所下降。第1题:Whyweresomanypeopletheredeaf?A.Theyinheriteddeafness.B.Anepidemicstrucktheisland.C.Theclimatecausedhearingloss.D.Itwasanunluckyplace.参考答案:A答案解析:此题问耳聋的原因,需要考生将听到的细节内容作一定的归纳。四个选择项中的B、C、D都是录音中没有涉及到的内容,这无疑降低了考生解答题目的难度。但是听力测试中特殊的时间要求决定了答题的速度要求,要求考生只能在瞬间做出选择。A项Theyinheriteddeafness.综合了报告中关于近亲婚配、繁衍后代致使后代先天性耳聋等信息。第2题:WhatdidAlexanderGrahamBellhopetodowhenhewenttotheisland?A.Toestablishhislaboratory.B.Tohaveavacation.C.Tostudydeafnessamongthefamilies.D.Tovisitmembersofhisfamily.参考答案:C答案解析:此题为细节推断题目。报告者讲Bell去tostudythepopulation,但是根据上下文及Bell本人的职业特点,可以推断其目的是去tostudythedeafnessamongthefamilieso第3题:Accordingtothetalk,howwastheislandchangedinthetwentiethcentury?
1A.Manydeafpeoplehaveregainedtheirhearing.B.Thepatternsofthemarriagehavechanged.C.Mostoftheoriginalpopulationhaslefttheisland.D.Theislandhasbecomefamousforitsresearchfacilities.参考答案:B答案解析:此题涉及对mixedwith这个词语的理解,属于词语释义题型。最后一句话中mixedwith指marriage。谈话中有关20世纪的变化也是指marriage的变化,从而使耳聋率下降。[听力原文]【短文大意】这是夫妇两人就租房子问题展开的一则对话。夫妇两人已经看过了三处公寓,其中一处两人都不喜欢。然后他们又对另外两处(the72ndapartmentand80thone)的优缺点逐一做了比较,最后一致决定选择the72ndapartment0第4题:Whydidtheycrossofftheapartmenton68thstreet?A.Itwasonacrossstreet.B.Ithadnoparking.C.Ithasadesk.D.Theydidn,tlikeit.参考答案:D答案解析:此题考查考生细节性问题:他们夫妇两人为什么将the68thstreetapartment首先排除在外。关于这一点,在他们对话的一开始女主人就明确说:Idontliketheoneon68thstreet•然后男主人附和:NeitherdoI.所以理由就是Theydidn,tlikeit.o第5题:What,swrongwiththewestwindow?A.Itistoosmall.B.Ithasnoairconditioner.C.Itadmitsheatfromthelateafternoonsun.D.Theycanimprovethecurtain.参考答案:C答案解析:此题是一细节题目。对话中女主人讲到西面的窗户时说:It(thewestwindow)getsquitehotinthelateafternoonwiththesunbeatingdownonthewindow.所以,它的问题所在就是让热量进入室内。第6题:
2Whichconsiderationiscrucialintheirchoiceofanapartment?A.Parkinganddeskspace.B.Parkingandairconditioning.C.Privacyandcleanliness.D.Acheerfulkitchenandaseparatediningarea.参考答案:A答案解析:他们夫妇两人最终之所以选择the72ndstreetapartment,正如女主人所言:Ithinkthatapartmentisbestforourneeds.There,sgoodparking,andthereisasemi-privateareaforourdesk.此话道出了他们选择房子的标准,也就是关键性条件:parkinganddeskspace。[听力原文]【短文大意】这篇短文介绍了尼加拉爪大瀑布的一些情况。它是东美最伟大的自然奇观。它告诉人类,自然界的力量是非常之巨大的,是难以想象的。第7题:WhichofthefollowingdescriptionsaboutNiagaraFallsisnottrue?A.ItisineasternAmerica.B.ItisontheUS一Canadaborder.C.Itisdividedintotwoparts.E.VisitorswalkdowntotheCaveoftheWindstoenjoythebeautyofNiagaraFalls.参考答案:D答案解析:此题是一正误判断题目,问哪一项与听力原文的内容不一致。这要求考生准确理解文中出现的有关尼加拉瓜瀑布的细节内容。选项A、B、C在短文中都明确出现了o同时根据“AnelevatoronGoatIslandcarriesvisitorsdowntotheCaveoftheWindswhereispossibletowalkbetweentherocksandthetumblingsheetofwater"这句话,我们可以判定选项D与原文不一致,为此题答案。第8题:WhatisthewidthoftheAmericanFalls?A.167feet.B.1075feet.C.2100feet.D.4200feet.
3参考答案:B答案解析:此题为一细节题目,询问尼加拉瓜瀑布在美国部分的宽度。根据材料中的有关信息,TheAmericanFallsare167feethighand1075feetwide.即美国瀑布高167英尺宽1075英尺,所以答案非常明显。但这题难点在于文中出现的数字太多,考生非常有必要在考前仔细研究表格,并在听的过程中做好笔记,这样才不会将众多的数字弄混。第9题:WhichlakesmakeuptheGreatLakes?A.LakeOntarioandLakeErie.B.LakeOntario,LakeErie,LakeHuron,LakeMichiganandLakeSuperior.C.LakeHuron,LakeMichiganandLakeSuperior.D.LakeOntario,NiagaraFallsandLakeErie.参考答案:B答案解析:此题问五大湖(theGreatLake)分别是指的哪几个湖。对于这一点,文章中讲的很明确。其实,即使考生没能够完整地听下来,只要知道GreatLake是指五大湖,利用文化背景知识,便可以非常容易地作出正确的选择。第10题:WhichofthefollowingisnotthesourceofNiagaraFalls?A.Theinlandseas.B.TheAtlantic.C.America,sGreatLakes.D.LakeErie.参考答案:B答案解析:此题涉及尼加拉瓜瀑布的水源(sources)问题。四个选择项中列出的内容全都在文中出现过,所以要确定哪一个不是其水源,就需要考生认真去听。考生应该在听之前,将几个选择项看清楚,然后将目光集中在选项上来听,确定应选答案。短文中讲至IIThesourcesofNiagara,sstrengtharetheinlandseasthatlaybehindit.也讲至UBeyondOntariowasNiagaraFallsanditsimmediatesource,LakeErie,接着讲其他的湖为其提供了水源。虽然文中也讲了大西洋,但They(指五大湖)provideawaterroutefromtheAtlantictothecenteroftheNorthAmericacontinent...说明大西洋并不是尼加拉瓜瀑布的水源,而是五大湖为大西洋与北美洲之间开通了水路。
4[听力原文]【短文大意】当今,乘飞机旅行比在繁忙的高速公路上驾车旅行要安全得多。但是,乘飞机也有一个隐患。地面上的荧屏能够观察到飞机从起飞到降落过程中的每一个动作,飞行调度员确切地告诉飞行员什么飞机时候转弯、什么时候攀升、什么时候下降。一个繁忙的飞机场的飞行调度员一天之内可以操纵1,000架飞机。每一架接近该飞机场的飞机都受其控制。飞行调度员的每一个微小的错误都有可能导致空难。最近这样的一次空难差点就发生了。在两架同时接近飞机场的飞机当中,一架来自于多伦多,载有乘客69人,另一架来自于芝加哥,载有乘客176人。一个飞行调度员从他的雷达荧屏上观察到这两架飞机的位置靠得太近,于是,他命令一架向右转并且向上攀升。可是,他却错误地命令另一架来完成这个动作。结果第一架飞机不但没有远离第二架飞机,反而向他靠得更近。15秒钟之后,两架飞机之间的距离不到一个大游泳池那么大。他们在刹那间避免了相互碰撞。这就是逐年增加的飞行隐患的一个例子。第11题:Whichfactorcanmostseriouslyendangerairplanesaccordingtothereport?A.Crowdedairtraffic.B.Thelargesizeofairplanes.C.Mistakesmadebyairtrafficcontrollers.D.Badweather.参考答案:D答案解析:此题属主次题,旨在测试考生理解重要的明示细节的能力,要求选出最能危及飞机安全的因素。短文中有关的句子:Evenasmallmistakeontheirpartcouldcauseadisaster.飞行调度员即使出现一点儿差错也有可能导致空难的发生。因此最能危及飞机安全的因素是C项:mistakesmadebytheairtrafficcontrollersoB项和D项在短文中没有提及,没有提及的不是正确答案。A项虽在文中提到,但不是影响飞行安全的最主要因素,与提问的要求不相符,也不正确。第12题:Whathappenedtothetwolargejets?A.Theybumpedintoeachotheroveraswimmingpool.B.Theyavoidedeachotherbyturningintodifferentdirections.C.Theynarrowlyescapedcrashingintoeachother.D.Oneplaneclimbedabovetheotheratthecriticalmoment.参考答案:C答案解析:此题属于多项干扰明示细电题,旨在测试考生领会明示细节的能力,询问例子中的两架飞机的情况。由于短文中出现了toturn,toclimb,toavoid,alargeswimmingpool.这些词和短语,形成了干扰,使考生在选择答案时犹豫不决,容易选错。解答此类试题的关键在于抓住正确信息。短文在接近尾声时指出Theyavoidedeachotherbythesmallestpartofasecond.意思是他们在刹那间避开了,这与C项Theynarrowlyescapedcrashingintoeachother.内容相符。
5第13题:Whywerethetwolargejetsspeciallymentioned?A.Toshowthekeyroleplayedbyairtrafficcontrollers.B.Toshowthegreatresponsibilityshoulderedbythepilots.C.Togiveanexampleofairdisasters.D.Toshowthatairtravelisfarsaferthandrivingacar.参考答案:C答窠解析:此题为隐含细节题,旨在测试考生综合理解与判断的能力,有一定的难度。考生要经过分析、推导与问题相关的事实后才可以找到答案。本题测试的是文章中特别提到两架大型喷气式飞机的原因。短文中间提到的有关信息是Evenasmallmistakeontheirpartcouldcauseadisaster.飞行调度员即使出现一点儿差错也有可能导致空难的发生,接着就举出了两架飞机的例子,显而易见,举出两架飞机的例子就是要支持上述观点,说明调度员的重要作用,这与选项AToshowthekeyroleplayedbyairtrafficcontrollers意思相符。[听力原文]【短文大意】就人类历史而言,科学方法从某种程度上来说是现代的。古代希腊人认为对任何事物的知识均可通过假设获得。在某种意义上,他们认为只要你长时间的静坐默想某种东西,就可以了解它。亚里士多德就是这些最著名的希腊哲学家中的一员。在希腊文中,哲学家的意思是“智慧的爱好者”。亚里土多德对他生存的世界做了大量细微高明的观察,他甚至认识到海豚是呼吸空气的动物,在很大程度上根本不像鱼。(大约有2000年的时间没有一个人能认识到这一点)。但是亚里士多德也是一位十分崇尚理论的人,他喜欢纯推理而非实验。例如,亚里士多德有过一个设想:较重的物体比较轻的物体下落要快。他用一块石头和一片羽毛来证明这点,他从未用过大小不同的石头,很明显亚里士多德认为他并不需要这样做。但是,如你所知,其结沦是错误的,根本不对。但大约2000年以来人们一直接受这一设想。古代希腊哲学家们是一些非常睿智的人,他们发明了逻辑学,使得人人皆知。甚至今天我们还使用逻辑来管理现代计算机!古代希腊人对许多事情的判断十分正确和理智,以致其他国家的人在许多世纪之后才放弃了自己的观点。但请注意,问题是单单依靠思考并不总能获取正确的答案。我们必须对我们所思考的问题进行测试和试验。而亚里士多德正是没有像现代科学家那样进行实验。第14题:Thispassageismainlyabout.A.howAristotledevelopedphilosophyB.whyGreekpeoplearefamousintheworldC.howAristotlemadeexperimenttoprovehisideasD.thecontributionstheancientGreeksmadetothephilosophy
6参考答案:D答案解析:此题是主旨要义题,要求考生选择本文的主题。本文没有主题段或主题句,考生只有完全了解了全文,才能做好此题。这篇短文主要有两条线索,其一是哲学,其二是一亚里士多德位代表的古希腊哲学家们。选项A(howAristotledevelopedphilosophy)和C(howAristotlemadeexperimenttoprovehisideas)只讲了亚里士多德,未提及其它的古希腊哲学家们,故不全面。选项B(whyGreekpeoplearefamousintheworld)未谈到哲学,也不全面,都可以排除。这样选项D(thecontributionstheancientGreeksmadetothephilosophy)讲述古希腊的哲学家们对哲学所做的贡献,是惟一正确的答案。第15题:HowdidtheancientGreeksthinkaboutthethingsintheworld?A.Theybelievedthatanythingcouldbetestedbythemselves.B.Theybelievedthatanyknowledgecouldbegotbylearningphilosophy.C.Theythoughtthatthingscouldbeunderstoodbyreasoning.D.Theythoughtthatproblemscouldbesolvedbyphilosophers.参考答案:C答案解析:此题考查事实细节,询问古希腊的哲学家们如何思考世界上的万事万物的。短文在开头一部分就讲述了这个问题TheancientGreeksbelievedthatknowledgeofanythingcouldbegianedbyhypothesizingalone.Theybelieved,inasense,thatifyoujustsataroundthinkingaboutstufflongenough,youcouldcompletelyunderstandit.即他们认为只要通过假设,通过思索足够长的时间就能理解万事万物,选项C(Theythoughtthatthingscouldbeunderstoodbyreasoning.)就是对这两个长句子的解释,是正确的答案。第16题:ThespeakersaidthatAristotlealsowasatheoreticalguybecause.A.helikedreasoningratherthanexperimentingB.helikedexperimentingratherthanreasoningC.helikedhypothesizinginsteadoftestingD.helikedtestinginsteadofhypothesizing参考答案:A答案解析:此题也是一道细节题,要求考生解释亚里士多德是一个纯粹的理论家的原因。原文中有关的事实是Aristotlealsowasatheoreticalguy,whopreferredpurereasoningtoexperimenting,即他崇尚纯粹的推理而不是实验,与选项A(helikedreasoningratherthanexperimenting)意思完全一致,只是不同的表述而已。
7[听力原文]【短文大意】每一个人都有自己独特的、不可更改的指纹。科学专家们已经证实了指纹的独特性并且发现父母不能将指纹毫不改变地遗传给自己的孩子。人的指肚的指纹不因年龄或表面伤害而改变。表皮受到烧伤、割伤或其他的伤害之后很快被新生的、完全相似的指纹所取代。只有当内皮受到伤害时,纹路才会受到破坏。一些犯罪分子正是利用这一事实来改变他们的指纹,当然这样做是危险的。指纹很容易留下并被记录下来。使用一些特殊的措施,指纹能够在很短时间内识别出来。由于这种识别系统既简单又经济,经常被用来处理刑事案件。即使一个犯罪嫌疑人的外貌由于年龄或意外事故而改变,他的指纹也可以证实他的真实身份,这样,他就无法否认对他的指控。当一个犯罪嫌疑人在犯罪现场留下了指纹,这些指纹用肉眼很难识别。如果经过特殊处理,即使这些留下的痕迹并不完整或者只有1/4平方英寸,也能识别他们。第17题:Whathasbeenprovedaboutthepatternofahumanbeing'sfingerskinbyscientistsandexperts?A.Itissimilartohismother,s.B.Itisvaluabletohimselfonly.C.Itislikethatofotherswithsametypeofblood.D.Itisdifferentfromthatofallothers.参考答案:D答案解析:此题要求考生具有一定的概括能力。根据问题,科学家们已经证实了指纹的什么特点。要回答这个问题需要对文章的开始部分进行概括。原文中说Everhumanbeinghasauniquearrangementoftheskinonhisfingersandthisarrangementisunchangeable.Scientistsandexpertshaveprovedtheuniquenessoffinger-printsanddiscoveredthatnoexactlysimilarpatternispassedonfromparentstochildren,thoughnobodyknowswhythisisthecase,意思是“每一个人都有自己独特的、不可更改的指纹。科学专家们已经证实了指纹的独特性并且发现父母不能将指纹毫不改变地遗传给自己的孩子。”这段里关键词是uniqueness.考生只要了解这个词的含义便可选择正确的答案D(Itisdifferentfromthatofallothers)。第18题:Whatwillhappentothestructureofskinifyourfingersarewoundedbyknife,fireorothermeans?A.Itwillbechangedpartly.B.Itwillbereplacedbyadifferentone.C.Itwillbethesamewhenthewoundishealed.D.Itwillbecomeugly.参考答案:C
8答案解析:此题测试特定的细节。根据提问,如果你的手指受到刀伤、烧伤或其他的伤害,你的指纹会受到什么影响。这只是对原文中的句子“Burns,cutsandotherdamagetotheouterpartoftheskinwillbereplacedintimebynewone,whichbearsareproductionoftheoriginalpattern,,,进行另一*种表述,意思是表皮受到烧伤、割伤或其他的伤害之后很快被新生的、完全相似的指纹所取代,因此与C(Itwillbethesamewhenthewoundishealed.)内容相符。第19题:Howdosomecriminalsremovetheirfingerprints?A.Byusingprinter,sink.B.Byinjuringtheinnerskin.C.Bydamagingtheouterskin.D.Bychangingthecolor.参考答案:B答案解析:此题测试特定的细节,询问犯罪分子改变他们的指纹的方法。文章中的相关的句子是Itisonlywhentheinnerskinisinjuredthatthearrangementwillbedestroyed.Somecriminalsmakeuseofthisfacttoremovetheirownforger-printsbutthisisadangerousandraresteptotake.,意思是“只要当内皮受到伤害时,纹路才会受到破坏。一些犯罪分子正是利用这一事实来改变他们的指纹,当然这样做是危险的"。这与选项B(Byinjuringtheinnerskin.)完全吻合。第20题:Whyhavefingerprintsoftenbeenusedasamethodofsolvingcriminalcase?A.Becauseitiscomplicatedbutreliable.B.Becauseitissimplebutnotexpensive.C.Becauseitisexpensivebuteasytodo.D.Becauseitcanbringalotofmoney.参考答案:B答案解析:此题属细节题目,要求解释用指纹来处理刑事案件的原因,原文中已经表述得非常清楚:Becauseofthesimplicityandeconomyofthissystem,forger-printshaveoftenbeenusedasamethodofsolvingcriminalcase.,意思是:由于这种识别系统既简单又经济,经常被用来处理刑事案件。因此,根据题目:指纹为什么被用来作为处理刑事案件的一种方法,答案应选B(Becauseitissimplebutnotexpensive.)。多项选择Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhavegenerallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowth,orhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.
9Unfortunately,thegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth,ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.Paradoxically,cluestotheoriginandearlyhistoryofthesurfacefeaturesoftheEarthmaybefoundontheMoonandplanets,ratherthanontheEarth,becausesomeofthesebodiesappeartohavehadamuchlessactivegeologicalhistory.Asaresult,relativelyprimitivesurfacefeaturesarepreservedforstudyandanalysis.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMars,itisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.Likewise,itwouldappearareasonablehypothesisthattheEarthhasalsobeensubjectedtometeoroidbombardmentinthepast,andthatverylargebodiesstrucktheEarthearlyinitsgeologicalhistory.ThelargestcraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.However,ifweacceptthehypothesisofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpact,themaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.Basedonalunaranalogy,onemightexpectseveralimpactcratersofatleast500kmdiametertohavebeenformedonEarth.ByapplyingBaldwin,sequation,thedepthofsuchacratershouldbeabout20km.Baldwinadmitsthathisequationgivesexcessivedepthsforlargecraterssothattheactualdepthshouldbesomewhatsmaller.Basedonthemeasureddepthofsmallerlunarcraters,adepthof10kmisprobablyaconservativeestimateforthediameterofa500kmimpactcrater.Baldwin,sequationgivesthedepthofthezoneofbrecciationforsuchacraterasabout75km.TheplasticityoftheEarth,smantleatthedepthmakesitimpossibletospeakof“brecciation“intheusualsense.However,localstressesmaybetemporarilysustainedatthatdepth,asshownbytheexistenceofdeep-focusearthquakes.Thus,short-termeffectsmightbeexpectedtoadepthofmorethan50kminthemantle.Evenwithoutknowingthepreciseeffects,thereislittledoubtthattheformationofa500-kmcraterwouldbeamajorgeologicalevent.Numerousauthorshaveconsideredthegeologicalimplicationsofsuchanevent.Donnetal.have,forexample,calledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontoformtheoriginalcontinents.Twomajordifficultiesinherentinthisconceptarethelackofanyknownsialicmeteorites,andthehighprobabilitythattheenergyofimpactwouldresultinawidedisseminationofsialicmaterial,ratherthanitsconcentrationatthepointofimpact.Gilvarry,ontheotherhand,calledonmeteoroidimpacttoexplaintheproductionofoceanbasins.Themajordifficultieswiththismodelarethatthemorphologyofmostoftheoceanbasinsisnotconsistentwithimpact,andthattheoriginandgrowthofcontinentsisnotadequatelyexplained.WeagreewithDonnetal.thattheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsmayhavecausedcontinentformation,butwouldratherthinkintermsofthelocalizedadditionofenergytothesystem,ratherthanintermsoftheadditionofactualsialicmaterial.
10词汇注释1.meteorolite陨星,陨石2.asteroid(火星和木星轨道间)小行星3.obliterate除去,消减痕迹4.crater火山口,陨石坑5.mare'海,(也指月亮、火星上的)阴暗区6.impact撞击7.impactcrater陨石坑,撞击火山口8.brecciate合成角砾岩thezoneofbrecciation角砾岩地带
119.mantle地幔10.stress应力localstress局部(本身)应力11.sialic12.probability13.disseminate14.morphology15.astral硅铝的概率,可能性传播,分散,浸染组织,结构,形态(学)星(星状体)的[听力原文]大陆核的起源很久以来一直是一个迷。进展到现在的理论通常都不能解释大陆成长的第一步情况,或者都遭到了严厉的反对。这篇文章的目的就是要研究大陨石或小行星的撞击在大陆核生成中可能起的作用。遗憾的是,地球表面的地质变化对大陆的原始结构和构成起了抹煞的作用。这种消除作用达到了这种程度,使进一步的大陆研究工作很难对大陆起源问题取得明确的答案。而荒谬的是,地球表面特征的起源及其早期历史的线索虽不能在地球上找到,却可能在月球或其他行星上找到。因为它们中的有些星球似乎经历了远不如地球活跃的地质历史时期。结果是,相对原始的表面特征被保留了下来,正好便于我们研究和分析。拿月球和火星来说,一般都从它们表面严重的陨石坑得出结论:它们在其地质进化过程中遭受过巨大陨星的撞击。同样,一个合理的假说出现了,地球也曾遭受过巨大陨星的撞击,而这样巨大的天体撞击发生在地球的地质历史早期。鲍尔温所列出的月球上最大的陨石坑直径为285公里。可是,如果我们接受了某些由于撞击而形成海盆地结构的假设,那么月球上最大陨石坑的直径可能会有650公里。基于对月球的类比,人们可能期望地球已经形成了几个直径至少在500公里的陨石坑。应用鲍尔温方程式,这样的陨石坑深度应该有20公里左右。但鲍尔温承认,他的方程式夸大了大陨石坑的深度,所以实际的深度可能略微小一些。根据小一些的月球陨石坑的深度测量,从保守的估计来看,10公里的深度可能属于一个直径为500公里的陨石坑。如果这样的一个陨石坑位于角砾岩地带,鲍尔温方程式给出的深度大约就是75公里。虽然地球深度地幔的塑性使其不可能在一般意义上被称为“角砾岩”,但在这一深度,局部的压力会暂时保留,就像震源深的地震所显示的那样。因此,短期的效果可能出现在地慢深达50公里以上的地方。即使不知道精确的效果,毫无疑问,一个500公里大的陨石坑的形成也会是一个主要的地质事件。无数的作者曾经考虑过这一事件在地质上的潜在意义。比如,Donnetal提出,大陆区域那般大的、硅铝结构的天体撞击形成了最初的大陆块。可是,这一概念本身所固有的两大难点是,缺乏任何已知的硅铝陨石和出现下列现象的高概率:撞击的能量会导致硅铝材料广泛分散,而不是集中在撞击点上。另一方面,基瓦立提出了用陨星的撞击来解释海洋盆地的构成。这个模型的主要困难在于,大多数海洋盆地的结构和撞击情况不符,而且该模型也没有充分解释大陆的起源和成长。我们赞成Donnetal的解说,即大陨石或小行星的撞击可能导致大陆的形成,但不是根据实际的硅铝物质的增加来考虑,而是根据系统能量的局部增加来考虑。第21题:
12Amarebasinis.A.aformulafordeterminingtherelationshipbetweenthedepthandwidthofcraters.B.avalleythatisfilledinwhenaspatialbodyhasimpactwiththemoonortheearth.C.aplanetoid(smallplanet)createdwhenameteorite,uponstrikingthemoon,breaksoffapartofthemoon.D.adarkspotonthemoon,oncesupposedtobeasea,nowaplain.参考答案:D答案解析:D是月球上的一个黑点,一度认为是海,现在知道是平原。marebasin海盆地。词义本身说明[D]对。另一方面,第二段开始提及“鲍尔温所列出的月球上最大的陨石坑直径为285公里。可是,如果我们接受了某些由于撞击而形成海盆地结构的假设,那么月球上最大陨石坑的直径可能有650公里大。”这里都说marebasin指的是月球上陨石坑。这就排除了[A]、[B]、[C]这三个选项。[A]是测定陨石坑深度和宽度的公式。[B]当某一天体和月球或地球撞击时填入的深谷。[C]当陨星撞击月亮时,撞掉部分月亮而形成小星体。第22题:Thewriterdoesnotbelievethat.A.anasteroidislargerthanameteorite.B.materialfromspace,uponhittingtheearth,waseventuallydistributed.C.theearth,atonetime,hadcraters.D.oceanswereformerlycraters.参考答案:D答案解析:D海洋是原来的陨石坑。倒数第二段“另一方面,Gilvarry用陨星撞击来解释海洋盆地的形成。这一模式的最大困难在于大多数海洋盆地结构和撞击情况不符。”[A]小行星大于陨星。[B]来自太空的材料,在撞击地球时,均匀分布。[C]地球一度有过陨石坑。这三项明显不对,谈不上相信不相信。第23题:Thearticleisprimarilyconcernedwith.A.theoriginofcontinents.B.therelationshipbetweenastralphenomenaandthemoonC.differencesofopinionamongauthoritativegeologists.D.therelationshipbetweenasteroidsandmeteorites.参考答案:A答案解析:A大陆起源。这在文章一开始就点明“大陆核起源长期以来一直是个谜。进展到现在的理论一般都不能说明大陆生长的第一步情况,或者遭到严厉的反对。这篇文章的目的就是要研究大陨星或小行星的撞击在地球核生成中可能起的作用。”另见难点译注1。[B]星际现象和月球的关系。[C]权威地质学家意见分岐。[D]小行星和陨星之间的关系。
13第24题:Sialicmaterialrefersto.A.thebrokenrockresultingfromtheimpactofameteoriteagainsttheearth.B.materialthatexistsonplanetsotherthantheearth.C.acompositeofrocktypicalofcontinentalareasoftheearth.D.materialthatisman-madetosimulatematerialsthatexistedfarbackingeologicalhistory.参考答案:C答案解析:C地球大陆地区特有的岩石构成。第三段三句:“举例说,DormetaL提出大陆区域那般大的、硅铝结构的天体撞击形成最初的大陆块的设想。”其他见难点译注3。[A]由于陨星撞击地球形成破碎的岩石。[B]存在于地球之外其他星球的材料。[C]人造材料模拟存在于遥远地质史上的材料。三项文内都没有提到。Isitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwar?Warisanancientinstitutionwhichhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwaysbadandusuallyfoolish,butinthepastthehumanracemanagedtolivewithit.Moderningenuityhaschangedthis.EitherManwillabolishwar,orwarwillabolishMan.Forthepresent,itisnuclearweaponsthatcausethemostseriousdanger,butbacteriologicalorchemicalweaponsmay,beforelong,offeranevengreaterthreat.Ifwesucceedinabolishingnuclearweapons,ourworkwillnotbedone.Itwillneverbedoneuntilwehavesucceededinabolishingwar.①[Todothis,weneedtopersuademankindtolookuponinternationalquestionsinanewway,notascontestsofforce,inwhichthevictorygoestothesidewhichismostskillfulinkillingpeople,butbyarbitrationinaccordancewithagreedprinciplesoflaw.]Itisnoteasytochangeveryoldmentalhabits,butthisiswhatmustbeattempted.Therearethosewhosaythattheadoptionofthisorthatideologywouldpreventwar.Ibelievethistobeabigerror.Allideologiesarebasedupondogmaticstatementswhichare,atbest,doubtful,andatworst,totallyfalse.Theiradherentsbelieveinthemsofanaticallythattheyarewillingtogotowarinsupportofthem.Themovementofworldopinionduringthepastfewyearshasbeenverylargelysuchaswecanwelcome.Ithasbecomeacommonplacethatnuclearwarmustbeavoided.Ofcourseverydifficultproblemsremainintheworld,butthespiritinwhichtheyarebeingapproachedisabetteronethanitwassomeyearsago.②[Ithasbeguntobethought,evenbythepowerfulmenwhodecidewhetherweshallliveordie,thatnegotiationsshouldreachagreementsevenifbothsidesdonotfindtheseagreementswhollysatisfactory.]Ithasbeguntobeunderstoodthattheimportantconflictnowadaysisnotbetweendifferentcountries,butbetweenManandtheatombomb.注释bacteriological[adj.]使用细菌的dogmatic[adj.]教条的,固执己见的,武断的第25题:Thispassageimpliesthatwarisnow.
14A.worsethaninthepastB.asbadasinthepastC.notsodangerousasinthepastD.asnecessaryasinthepast参考答案:A答案解析:A作者认为,现在有核战争,将来或许有细菌和生化武器,这些都会给人类带来更大的灾难。第26题:Inthesentence“Todothis,weneedtopersuademankind.","this"refersto.A.abolishwarB.improveweaponsC.solveinternationalproblemsD.liveapeacefullife参考答案:A答案解析:A结合上下文可知,this指消灭战争。第27题:Fromparagraph2welearnthatthewriterofthepassage.A.isanadherentofsomemodernideologiesB.doesnotthinkthattheadoptionofanyideologycouldpreventwarC.believesthattheadoptionofsomeideologiescouldpreventwarD.doesnotdoubtthetruthofanyideologies参考答案:B答案解析:B作者认为,采取某种主义或思想会阻止战争的想法,是错误的,因为所有的思想都建立在固执武断的说法之上,它们的追随者为了捍卫自己的思想,情愿发动战争。第28题:Accordingtothewriter,.A.waristheonlywaytosolveinternationaldisputesB.warwillbelessdangerousbecauseoftheimprovementofweaponsC.itisimpossibleforpeopletolivewithoutwarD.warmustbeabolishedifmanwantstosurvive参考答案:D答案解析:D作者认为,要么人类消灭战争,要么战争消灭人类,所以说,如果人类要生存下去,就得消灭战争。
15第29题:Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat.A.internationalagreementscanbereachedmoreeasilynowB.manbeginstorealizethedangerofnuclearwarC.nuclearwarwilldefinitelynottakeplaceD.worldopinionwelcomesnuclearwar参考答案:B答案解析:B现在人们普遍认识到应该避免核战争。MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion,theomnibuses,horserailways,commutertrains,andelectrictrolleypulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotothreetimesmoredistantfromcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850,forexample,thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhowouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork,shopping,andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,forexample,some250000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod,another550000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting,realestatedevelopersadded800000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears-lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.Ofcourse,manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided,butvacant,landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation:urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes,particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated,didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.注释catalyze[v.]催化radius[n.]半径,范围第30题:Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?A.Typesofmasstransportation.
16A.Instabilityofurbanlife.C.howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.D.Theeffectsofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.参考答案:D答案解析:D文章主要讨论了公共交通对城市扩展的促进。第31题:Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingaseffectsofmasstransportationoncitiesexcept.A.growthincityareasB.separationofcommercialandresidentialdistrictsC.changesinlifeintheinnercityD.increasingstandardsofliving参考答案:D答案解析:D文中提到的有关公共交通对城市的影响有:城市范围的扩大,商业区与居住区的分离,城内生活的变化,并没说公共交通提高了生活水平。第32题:WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?A.Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.B.Toshowthatmasstransitchangedmanycities.C.Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.D.Tocontrasttheirratesofgrowth.参考答案:B答案解析:B文章提到波士顿和芝加哥两城市,是为了举例说明公共交通改变了许多城市。第33题:Accordingtothepassage,whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?A.Itwasexpensive.B.Ithappenedtooslowly.C.Itwasunplanned.D.Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.参考答案:C答案解析:C见第二段第二句,由于缺乏计划性,许多房屋被闲置。第34题:
17TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity.A.thatislargeB.thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopmentC.wherelanddevelopmentexceededpopulationgrowthD.withanexcellentmasstransportationsystems参考答案:c答案解析:c在第二段中,作者提到芝加哥,是为了举例说明房地产的发展超过了人口的发展。Fromabusinessperspective,workingundergovernmentcontractscanbeaverylucrativeproposition.Ingeneral,astreamoforderskeepcomingin,revenueincreasesandthecompanygrowsintheaggregate.Theobviousdownfallstoworkinginthismannerisbothhigherqualityexpectedaswellastheextensiveresearchanddocumentationrequiredforgovernmentcontracts.Ifapartfailstoperformcorrectlyitcancauseminorglitchesaswellasproblemsthatcancarryseriousrepercussions,suchasintheNationalSemiconductorcase.Whenboththeculpablecomponentandcompanyarefounded,thequestionarisesofhowextensivetheserepercussionsshouldbe.Isthecompanyasanentityliableordoyoulookintoindividualemployeeswithinthatcompany?Fromanethicalperspectiveonewouldhavetolookatthemitigatingfactorsofboththeemployeesandtheirsuperiorsalongwiththeroleofothersinthefailureofthesecomponents.Nextyouwouldhavetoanalyzethefinalrulingfromacorporateperspectiveandthenwemustexaminethemacroissueofcorporateresponsibilityinordertoattempttofindaresolutionforcaseslikethese.ThefirstmitigatingfactorinvolvedintheNationalSemiconductorcaseistheuncertainty,onthepartoftheemployees,onthedutiesthattheywereassigned.Itisplausiblethatduringthetestingprocedure,anemployeecouldnotdistinguishwhichpartstheyweretotestundergovernmentstandardsandcommercialstandards.Insomecasestheymighthaveevenbeenmisinformedonthefinalconsumersoftheproductsthattheytested.Infact,ignoranceonthepartoftheemployeeswouldfullyexcusethemfromanymoralresponsibilityforanydamagethatmayresultfromtheirwork.Whetheritisdecidedthatanemployeeisfullyexcused,orisgivensomemoralresponsibility,wouldhavetobelookedatonanindividualbasis.Thesecondmitigatingfactoristheduressorthreatsthatanemployeemightsufferiftheydonotfollowthroughwiththeirassignment.AfterthebogustestingwascompletedintheNationalSemiconductorlabs,thedocumentationdepartmentalsohadtofalsifydocumentsstatingthatthepartshadsurpassedthegovernmentaltestingstandards.Fromalegalandethicalstandpoint,boththetestersandthewritersofthereportsweremerelyactingasagentsondirectordersfromasuperior.注释lucrative获利多的;赚钱的mitigating减轻的;缓和的repercussion久远的影响;反应;反响bogus假的;伪造的culpable应受谴责的falsify篡改;伪造
18第35题:Accordingtotheessay,whichsetofitemsareadownfalltoworkingongovernmentfundedprojects?A.Poorpayandlonghours.B.Inadequateresourcesandhighexpectations.C.Increaseddocumentationdemandsandhighexpectations.D.Higherliabilityandlimitedfunding.参考答案:C答案解析:CThethirdsentencestatestheseastworeasons.从文中第一*段第三句可知。第36题:Inthesecondparagraphthepassagestates,"...ignoranceonthepartoftheemployeewouldfullyexcusethemfromanymoralresponsibility.”Whatdoesthisstatementimply?A.Eachemployeeisresponsiblefortheiractionsanddecisions.B.Dependingontheexcuse,noemployeeisexcusedfromtheirresponsibility.C.Theresponsibilityofanemployeeisrelatedtotheirknowledge.D.Anemployeeisfullyexcusedfromanymoralresponsibility.参考答案:C答案解析:C“Ignorance“istheabsenceofknowledge,“fullyexcusednmeanstobewithoutguilt.员工的职责与他们知识有关,如果他们不知情,就不应负责任°第37题:Whatdoestheessayarguetobethemoralimplicationsofanignorantemployee?A.Theguiltoftheemployeeisdecidedonanindividualbasis.B.Theemployeeisfreefromguilt.C.Themoralandethicalimplicationsaretoocomplex.D.Therearemitigatingfactorsbetweenboththeemployeeandthecompany.参考答案:B答案解析:BSinceanignorantemployeedidnotknowwhatwashappening,heorsheisfreefromguilt.因为一个无知的雇员并不知道发生了什么事,所以他或她是没有罪责的。第38题:Fromwhichperspectivedoesthearticleattempttoexploretheissueofmoralresponsibilityandethicalbehavior?A.Itstrictlylooksattheimplicationsoftheindividual.B.Thetwincomponentsofcorporateandemployeeresponsibility.C.Thoseemployeesthatareintheknowaremostresponsible.D.Theperspectivedependsontheboththemacrolevelofcorporateresponsibilityandgovernmentcontracts.
19参考答案:B答案解析:BTheendofthefirstparagraphdefinesacorporateresponsibilitynand“employees”asfactorstobeanalyzed.第一段结尾处认为:“公司责任”和“雇员”是要被分析的因素。第39题:Inthearticle,whatisthemeaningofaaminorglitch?”A.Aminuteproblemwithacompaniesproduct.B.AcomponentoftheNationalSemiconductorcase.C.Acaseofseriousrepercussions.D.Theresultofapartfailing.参考答案:A答案解析:AThedefinitionofaminor,,issmall,and“glitch",problem,minorglitch,小差错,小过失多项选择Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases[46]thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant[47]oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellorwillintroducea[48]billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses[49]andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof[50]thatcanbegiventoacase[51]atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe[52]withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot[53]sufficientcontrol.[54]ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecausesa[55]ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe[56]ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges[57]toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which[58]theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally[59]inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas[60]toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands[61]ourBritishjudges.hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean[62]afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencein1995.Upto19witnesseswere[63]tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingthestoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised[64]witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto[65]guiltyverdicts.
20第40题:A.astoB.forinstanceC.inparticularD.suchas参考答案:D答案解析:政府要禁止有些报社向证人支付酬金,因为这些报社试图收买与诸如RosemaryWest审判等突出案例相关的人士。在明显加强对媒体合法制约的过程中,大法官Irvine勋爵将提出一项草案,该草案将提议把向证人支付酬金视为违法,并严格控制在开庭前对案例的报道。在给众议院传媒选择委员会主席GeraldKaufman的一封信中大法官Irvine勋爵说,他同意今年该委员会的一份报告。报告中提到自律不能提供足够的控制。Irvine勋爵曾说过欧洲法律中所含隐私控制条文的解释权在法官而不是议会,从而引发了媒体的强烈第41题:A.tighteningB.intensifyingC.focusingD.fastening参考答案:A答案解析:本句中只有tighten...controlover(加强对的控制)为恰当的搭配,由此而来的tighteningof...controls在文中为正确搭配,因此A为正确答案。另三个选择B.intensifying(加剧),C.focusing(聚焦),D.fastening(扎牢)均不适合。第42题:A.sketchB.roughC.preliminaryD.draft参考答案:D答案解析:本题主要考查形容词与名词bill的搭配。D.draftbill(草案)为正确答案,余者均不与bill连用。其他选项的意思为:A.sketch(素描),B.rough(粗糙的),C.preliminary(预备的)。第43题:A.illogicalB.illegalC.improbableD.improper
21参考答案:B答案解析:本题主要考查根据上下文选择正确词义的能力。B.illegal为正确答案,余者均不合文意。其他选项的意思为:A.illogical(不合逻辑的),C.improbable(不大可能的),D.improper(不适当的)。第44题:A.publicityB.penaltyC.popularityD.peculiarity参考答案:A答案解析:考生应知道givepublicityto(公布)这一常用词组,只有A为正确选择。其他选项B.penalty(惩罚),C.popularity(流行),D.peculiarity(特色)均不合文意。第45题:A.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.as参考答案:C答案解析:根据本段文意,只有C.before合乎逻辑。余者A.since(自从),B.if(如果),D.as(正当,由于)均为错误选项。第46题:A.sidedB.sharedC.compliedD.agreed参考答案:D答案解析:根据上下文的文意,只有D.agreed(同意)为正确答案。A.sided(站在的一边),B.shared(分享/担),C.complied(遵照)均不合文意。第47题:A.presentB.offerC.manifestD.indicate
22参考答案:B答案解析:A.present(提交),B.offer(提供),C.manifest(表明),D.indicate(指出)。根据这段文章的意思,B为最佳选择。第48题:A.ReleaseB.PublicationC.PrintingD.Exposure参考答案:B答案解析:从上下文来看,B.Publication(发表)为惟一的选择。A.Release(释放)作“发表”讲时,为“发表……消息”等,C.Printing(印刷),Exposure(暴露)均与文意不搭配。第49题:A.stormB.rageC.flareD.flash参考答案:A答案解析:A.storm(风暴,暴风雨般的爆发)是正确的答案,astormofprotest即“一片抗议声”,B.rage(愤怒),C.flare虽有爆发之意,但指怒气、激情、声音等的爆发,D.flash(闪烁)。这些均不与protest搭配。第50题:A.translationB.interpretationC.exhibitionD.demonstration参考答案:B答案解析:根据本段的文句,只有B.interpretationofprivacycontrols最符合文意。余者A.translation(翻译),C.exhibition(展示),D.demonstration(演示)均不适合。第51题:A.betterthanB.otherthanC.ratherthanD.soonerthan
23参考答案:C答案解析:本题A.betterthan(优于),B.otherthan(除了,不同于),C.ratherthan(而不),D.soonerthan(早于)。根据句意只有C为正确答案。第52题:A.changesB.makesC.setsD.turns参考答案:B答案解析:本题主要测试考生对make的用法是否了解。make常与名词加形容词等作宾补,表示“使",故本题B.makes为正确答案。A.changes(改变),C.sets(安置),D.turns(转动)均不适合。第53题:A.bindingB.convincingC.restrainingD.sustaining参考答案:A答案解析:本题虽与上题有关,makes后用宾补,但主要测试考生对词义的选择。A.binding(应遵守的,有约束力的)是正确答案,余者B.convincing(令人心服的),C.restraining(抑制的),D.sustaining(支持的)均与文意不符。第54题:A.authorizedB.creditedC.entitledD.qualified参考答案:C答案解析:本题主要考词组搭配。entitlesb.to...(给某人以权力),beentitledto(有……权)是文中最恰当的搭配,故选Co一般说,余者均不与to有如此的搭配。第55题:A.withB.toC.fromD.by
24参考答案:A答案解析:本题主要考查考生对介词的正确选择。A.withsb.(由……负责)为正确答案,余者均不适合。第56题:A.impactB.incidentC.inferenceD.issue参考答案:D答案解析:本题考查考生根据上下文选择词义正确、不可缺少的词的能力。D.issue(争端,争论点)为正确答案。其余选项A.impact(冲击),B.incident(事件),C.inference(推断)均不适合。第57题:A.statedB.remarkedC.saidD.told参考答案:C答案解析:besaidtohavedonesth.(据说做了某事)最符合文意,故C为最佳选择。A.stated(陈述),B.remarked(议论,注意到)不用于这种句型;虽然D.told(告知)后可接动词不定式的完成式,但根据上下文不适合用于此处。第58题:A.whatB.whenC.whichD.that参考答案:D答案解析:本题考查的是复合句的概念。D.that引导的是同位语从句,在复句中不做句中成分,具体说明Concerns的主要内容,因此D为正确答案。第59题:A.assureB.confideC.ensure
25A.guarantee参考答案:C答案解析:本题考查词义。A.assure(使确信),B.confide(吐露秘密),C.ensure(确保某事发生),D.guarantee(担保)。根据上下文C为正确答案。多项填空Whenweturntospecificchild-rearingpracticeswefindthatthepatternrepeatsitselfaccordingtothesexofthechild.(46)[Althoughcomparativestudiesofparentaltreatmentofboysandgirlsarenotextensive,thosethathavebeenmadeindicatethatthetraditionalpracticesappliedtogirlsareverydifferentfromthoseappliedtoboys.]Girlsreceivemoreaffection,moreprotectiveness,morecontrol,andmorerestrictions.Boysaresubjectedtomoreachievementdemandsandhigherexpectations.Inshort,whilegirlsarenotalwaysencouragedtobedependentperse,theyareusuallynotencouragedtobeindependentandphysicallyactive."Suchfindingsindicatethatthedifferentialtreatmentofthetwosexesreflectsinpartadifferenceingoals.(47)[Withsons,socializationseemstofocusprimarilyondirectingandconstrainingtheboys'impactontheenvironment.Withdaughters,theaimisrathertoprotectthegirlfromtheimpactofenvironment.]Theboyisbeingpreparedtomoldhisworld,thegirltobemoldedbyit.”Thisrelationshipholdstruecross-culturallyevenmorethanitdoesinourownsociety.(48)[Instudyingchildsocializationin110cultures,researchersfoundthatupressuretowardnurturance,obedience,andresponsibilityismostoftenstrongerforgirls,whereaspressuretowardachievementandself-relianceismostoftenstrongerforboys.”]Theyalsofoundthatstrongdifferencesinsocializationpracticeswereconsistentwithhighlydifferentiatedadultsexroles.Thesecross-culturalstudiesshowthatdependencytrainingforwomeniswidespreadandhasresultsbeyondsimplycurtailinganalyticability.Inallthesecultureswomenwereinarelativelyinferiorstatuspositioncomparedtomales.Infact,therewasacorelationwiththedegreeofrigidityofsex-rolesocialization,andthesubservienceofwomentomen.Inoursocietyalso,analyticabilitiesarenottheonlyonesvalued.(49)[Beingperson-orientedandcontextualinperceptionareveryvaluableattributesformanyfieldswhere,nevertheless,veryfewwomenarefound.](50)[Suchcharacteristicsarevaluableintheartsandthesocialscienceswherewomenarefoundmorethaninthenaturalsciences-yetevenheretheirachievementisnotdeemedequivalenttothatofmen.]Oneexplanationofthis,ofcourse,istherepressiveeffectofroleconflictandpeergrouppressuresdiscussedearlier.Butwhenonelooksfurtheritappearsthatthereisanearliercausehereaswell.
26第60题:Althoughcomparativestudiesofparentaltreatmentofboysandgirlsarenotextensive,thosethathavebeenmadeindicatethatthetraditionalpracticesappliedtogirlsareverydifferentfromthoseappliedtoboys?参考答案:尽管关于父母如何对待不同性别的孩子的对比研究并不十分广泛,但已有的研究结果表明:对待女孩的传统做法与对待男孩的传统做法迥然不同。详细解答:第61题:Withsons,socializationseemstofocusprimarilyondirectingandconstrainingtheboys'impactontheenvironment.Withdaughters,theaimisrathertoprotectthegirlfromtheimpactofenvironment?参考答案:在使男孩适应社会生活方面,工作主要集中在引导、限制他们对环境的影响;而让女孩子适应社会生活的目的,则在于保护她们,使之不受环境的影响。详细解答:第62题:Instudyingchildsocializationin110cultures,researchersfoundthatapressuretowardnurturance,obedience,andresponsibilityismostoftenstrongerforgirls,whereaspressuretowardachievementandself-relianceismostoftenstrongerforboys."?参考答案:在对110种文化进行研究后,研究人员发现:在大多数社会中,对女孩而言,要成为贤淑、顺从、有责任心的人的压力要大一些,对男孩而言,有所成就、自力更生的压力要大一些。详细解答:第63题:Beingperson-orientedandcontextualinperceptionareveryvaluableattributesformanyfieldswhere,nevertheless,veryfewwomenarefound?参考答案:在许多领域中,以人为本、注重联系的观察之道,都是极有价值的特征。然而,在这些领域,女性却很少见。
27详细解答:第64题:Suchcharacteristicsarevaluableintheartsandthesocialscienceswherewomenarefoundmorethaninthenaturalsciences-yetevenheretheirachievementisnotdeemedequivalenttothatofmen?参考答案:在同自然科学相比,女性从业人数较多的人文社科领域中,上述特征也是极有价值的。然而,即使是在这些领域,女性的成就也被认为不如男性。详细解答:作文A.Writetwoorthreeparagraphs(200words)onthefollowingarguments:1.Beinganonlychild.2.Pocket-moneyforchildren.3.Co-educationalschools.4.Schooluniforms.5.Self-servicestores.B.Youwillhave40minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthefollowingDirectionsandyoushouldwriteabout200words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence).1.Directions:Title:GetOurHandDirtyOpeningsentence:aNowadays,manyChineseyouthshatedoingphysicalwork.”Outline:1).Prejudiceagainstphysicallabor.2).Seriousconsequences.3).Myattitudetowardphysicallabor.2.Directions:Title:TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofMobilePhoneOpeningsentence:"Withtherapiddevelopmentofmicroelectronics,moreandmoreChineseownmobilephones.”Outline:1).Presentsituation.2).Itsadvantagesoverordinaryphones.3).Itspossibleproblemsandmyopinion.3.Directions:Title:IsPoweraMidasTouch?Openingsentence:"Itisasimplefactthatpowercanbeabusedtodomanyevilthings.”
28Outline:1).WidespreadcorruptioninChina.2).Evilconsequencestoourcountry.3).Effectivewaystofightpowercorruption.1.Directions:Title:WageaWarAgainstDrugAbuseOpeningsentence:aThousandsofdrugaddictsrecentlyregisteredshowedonlythetipofanuglyicebergofthedrugabuseinChina.Outline:1).Trendofdrug-abuseinChina.2).Disastrousconsequences.3).Mysuggestionsagainstdrugabuse.第65题:范文示例:
此文档下载收益归作者所有