考研英语模拟997

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［模拟］考研英语模拟997多项选择EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot_1_tothelandscapeofEgypt,ratherthevinesthemselvesare_2_tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians,_3_theactualoriginsremainin_4_・Whatisknown,isthat_5—thethirdmillenniumBC,Egyptiankingsofthefirst_6_hadextensivewinecellars,andwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain_7_ofwineinEgypt,tookplacebetweentheking,nobles,andthepriestsintempleceremonies,andis_8_bynumerouspaintedrelief，s,andother_9_evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgypt,werequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday._10_viticulture(orwinemaking),ceasedto_11_anexclusivelyceremonialpurpose,theEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon,_12_foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13_bushes,andfoundwaysforthesoilto_14_moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepresses,addingheattothemust(thegrapejuicereadyforfermentation)_15_makethewinesweet,anddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The_16_finishedproductofwine,waspouredthroughaclothfilter,andthenintoearthenwarejars,_17_theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto_18_.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintages,and_19_oftheirwines,eachjarofwinewasclearly_20_withit'sownvintage,andquality.第1题：A.bornB.nativeC.grownD.planted参考答案：B答案解析：形容词辨析和搭配。native与to构成固定搭配指“（动植物等）源于……的；原产于”，又如：TobaccowasnativetoAmerica（烟草原产于美洲）。第2题：A.provedB.believedC.hypothesizedD.established参考答案：c答案解析：动词辨析。根据上下文，葡萄的真正来源尚无定论，因此葡萄进口自腓尼基（叙利亚西部之古国名）只是一种假设，hypothesize（假设，猜想）符合题意。prove意为"证明"；believe意为“相信，认为“；establish意为“建立，成立，证明”。

1第3题:A.thoughA.ifB.asC.when参考答案：A答案解析：语篇连贯。根据语篇，该空前后两个部分为让步关系，意思是：有人猜测葡萄进口自古代的腓尼基，虽然其真正来源尚存在争议。第4题:A.disputeB.debateC.discussionD.argument参考答案：A答案解析：名词辨析与搭配。dispute意为“争论，争议”，与in搭配，如:Thematterisindispute.（这个问题存在争议。）debate意为"辩论"，可与under构成搭配，如：thequestionunderdebate（争论的问题）；discussion意为“讨论”,也可与under搭配，如：Thequestionisunderdiscussion.（问题正在讨论中。）；argument意为“意见不一致，争论,论据"，如：Hishonestyisbeyondargument.（他的诚实是不容置辩的。）根据第3题和上面的分析，dispute为最佳选择。第5题:A.sinceB.afterC.byD.to参考答案：C答案解析：代词辨析。此处为一个主语从句，应由what引导。第6题：A.generationB.dynastyC.sovereigntyD.empire参考答案：B答案解析：名词辨析。generation意为"代"；dynasty意为"朝代"；sovereignty意为“统治，正权”；empire意为“帝国”。此句意为“公元前三千年，古埃及第一个朝代的国王们"，dynasty符合题意。第7题：A.cost

2A.expenseB.exhaustionC.consumption参考答案：D答案解析：名词辨析。cost意为"花费，成本"；expense意为“花费，费用"；exhaustion意为“耗尽，筋疲力尽"；consumption意为“消费”。本句意为：葡萄酒主要是在祭祀典礼上由王公贵族和冲职人员来消费，［D］为最佳答案。第8题：A.impliedB.demonstratedC.evidencedD.aided参考答案：C答案解析：动词辨析和上下文重现。imply意为“暗示，隐含“；demonstrate意为“显示，说明"；evidence意为“用证据证明"；aid意为“帮助，辅助”，、根据下文，大量的壁画为葡萄酒的消费情况提供了证据，evidenced符合题意。此外，下文重现了名词性的evidenceo第9题：A.archeologicalB.architecturalC.artisticD.anthropological参考答案：A答案解析：形容词辨析。古代的壁画是一种考古学的证据，archeological（考古学的）符合题意。architectural意为"建筑的，建筑学的"；artistic意为“艺术的”；anthropological意为“人类学的”。第10题：A.AsB.ForC.AfterD.Since参考答案：A答案解析：语篇连贯。根据语篇，该句前后为因果关系，意思是：由于酿酒不再纯粹为祭祀仪式服务，古埃及人开始试验更简单的修剪葡萄树的方法。for不能用于句首，因此选择aso第11题：A.actB.serve

3A.workB.reach参考答案：B答案解析：动词辨析和搭配。purpose需与serve搭配,意为“服务于目的”，又如:Thebookservestheacademicpurpose.（这本书服务于学术目的）。第12题:A.aslongasB.aswellasC.assoonasD.solongas参考答案：B答案解析：连词辨析。根据上下文,“begantoexperiment-w与“foundawayto…”是并列关系，aswellas符合题意°aslongas意为“只要"；assoonas意为"就"；solongas意为"只要"。第13题：A.maintenanceB.protectionC.careD.attention参考答案：A答案解析：名词辨析。根据上文，古埃及人开始寻找新的方法修剪葡萄树，使它们变得低矮,容易维护，maintenance（维护,保养）符合题意。又如：maintenanceofacar（汽车维修）。protection意为"保护"；care意为“照料，照顾"；attention意为“注意”。第14题：A.maintainB.retainC.containD.attain参考答案：B答案解析：动词辨析与搭配。maintain意为“保持，维护"；retain意为“保持，留住”；contain意为“包含，含有"；attain意为“获得”。根据原文，古埃及人寻找方法使土壤留住水分以供葡萄树生长，retain符合题意，可与moisture（水分）构成搭配。第15题：A.ratherthanB.butC.and

4B.inorderto参考答案：D答案解析：语篇连贯。根据语篇，古埃及人给发酵前的葡萄汁加热，目的是让酒更甜，因此选inorderto。第16题：A.finalB.endC.eventualD.ultimate参考答案：A答案解析：形容词辨析。四个选项都有“最后的，最终的”这个含义，但侧重点不一样。final意为“最后的,最终的"，如:finalproduct（成品）；end“终端,末端”，如:theendcarriage（最后一节车厢）;eventual意为“结果的，最终的”，如：theeventualfailure（以失败告终）；ultimate”最后的，终极的”,如:theultimateaim（最高目标）。此处指葡萄酒珠最终成品，应选final。第17题：A.whichB.whenC.whereD.and参考答案：C答案解析：定语从句关系词辨析。此处是一个非限制定语从句，修饰earthenwarejars,缺少地点关系副词，因此选whereo第18题：A.protectionB.fermentC.tasteD.drink参考答案：B答案解析：动词辨析。根据原文，将葡萄酒的成品置入罐内，用漆封上,开始发酵。ferment（发酵）符合题意。第19题：

5A.qualityB.quantityC.natureD.aura参考答案：A答案解析：名词辨析与上下文重现。最后一句意为：古代埃及人准确地记载葡萄酒生产的年份和质量，然后将其清晰地标在酒罐上。vintage（葡萄酒生产的年份）和quality两词均重复出现。第20题：A.markedB.writtenC.labeledD.recorded参考答案：C答案解析：动词辨析。mark意为“标记”；write意为“书写”；label意为“贴标签于……”；record意为“记载，记录”。根据上题分析，古埃及人将葡萄酒的生产年份和质量都用标签清晰地贴在罐上，label符合题意。多项选择Text1Aboutthree-quartersofAmericans,accordingtosurveys,thinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBush,andanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007?Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowth,afallingcrimerate,successfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren，tsobadinthefirstplace,orperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticians,likeBillClinton,RudyGiulianiandNewtGingrich,whowereabletodealwiththeproblems.But,inanycase,thecountrygotbackoncourse.That'snottosayallwaswellinthe1990s,especiallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirked,andgatheringdangersweren，tdealtwith.Still,thesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—oh,myGod,thebudgetdeficitwilldousin!一werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What'smore,thefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppable

6forcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeed,thedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewere,in1992,reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis***well,moody.Todaywe'remoodyagain.Weareobviouslyfightingadifficultand,untilrecently,badlymanagedwarinIraq,whoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn，thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigration,anenergypolicyandhealthcare.Still,isthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsago?Notreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.12,2001?There*sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We'vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowth,lowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortions,teenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11,ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedfor,andtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration，sperformance.But,infact,despitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandright(including,occasionally,me),theworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.Thekeyquestion,ofcourse,isthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime-seemstomeachievable,ifwedon，tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraq,progresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.第21题：Accordingtothetext,whatmighthavehappenedin1992?A.TheAmericanshadunwarrantedpessimismabouttheirstateaffairs.B.Awealthybusinessmanmadehiswayintothewhitehouse.C.SloweconomicprogresswithpoliticalcrisesprevailedtheUS.D.Themediawereunhappyaboutbusinessmanrunningfortheoffice.参考答案：A答案解析：事实细节题。文章第二段第五句话说：90年代对国家进程存在的广泛的悲观主义最终证实都是没有根据的。正好是［A］选项提到的内容。第22题：Accordingtotheauthor,thepresentpessimismintheUSismainlyduetoA.theirchronicbadmood.B.theuncertainprospectinIraq.C.theincapablepoliticalsystem.D.theunpromisingpresidentcandidates.

7参考答案：B答案解析：原因细节题。文章第三段第三句说“这解释了我们悲观主义的大部分原因”，因此找到this指代的对象就解决了问题。根据代词就近所指的原则，要在上一句中寻找指代内容。由此可见是与伊拉克战事前景不定有关的。第23题：Thephrase"goingtothedogs”(line4,paragraph3)mostprobablymeansA.becomingworse.B.becominglazier.C.becomingcrazier.D.becomingeasier.参考答案：A答案解析：含义题。需要通过第三、四段语义联合进行判定。第三段末尾说：是否像人们认为的那样，与15年前相比，一切都变得?第四段开头直接否定，然后叙述了目前的实情：列举了9・11后美国的进步之处。证明，第三段的问题处需要的词与变糟糕有关，因此选［A］。第24题：TheauthorseemstobelievethattheUSwillhavepositiveoutcomesinIraqifA.enoughsecuritycanbeobtainedafterthewaronterrorism.B.troopsinIraqtakenofurthermilitaryactions.C.arepresentativeregimeisestablishedthroughpeacefulmeans.D.peopleintheUSremaincalmandreasonable.参考答案：D答案解析：条件细节题。文章尾段提到，在伊拉克得到理想结果的条件是“ifwedon'tloseournervehereathome”，这句话的意思是如果国内不失去理智。因此，正确答案是［D］“美国人保持冷静和理智”。第25题:Theauthor，sattitudetowardsthepresentsituationintheUSisA.confused.B.uncertain.C.optimistic.D.pessimistic.参考答案：C答案解析：态度题。全文最后一句说：Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim,意思是:情况绝非严峻。证明作者对状况的态度是乐观的。同时，前文提到美国人悲观时,作者的观点就是美国人有一次错了，也同样证明作者是乐观的。

8Text2Large,multinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealize,theeconomy，svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurants,neighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinesses,definedasthosewithfewerthan100workers,nowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowth,and1989willseeanadditional200,000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneers,however,willblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimate,oftenfatally,thecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutives,forcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselves,maysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalso,atleastforawhile,bebookkeeperandreceptionist,too.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata,24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyears,and27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995,morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3,000smallbusinesses,sponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusiness,suggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up,77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm，shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpand,small-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprise,preferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporated,orthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillness,andbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm'svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunity,youmustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarkets,addproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.第26题:Accordingtothetext,themaindifferencebetweenamultinationalcorporationandasmallbusinessliesinA.theproportionofworkforce.

9A.thefrequencyappearedontheheadlines.B.thenumberoftheworkers.C.thewayofopeningabusiness.参考答案：c答案解析：事实细节题。在文章首句中作者先是介绍了众多跨国大公司的现状，而在之后的句子aSmallbusinesses,definedasthosewithfewerthan100workersv中对美国的小型公司进行讨论，句子中的“defined”一词暗示大公司与小公司的不同在于其雇佣工人人数上的不同，即选项［C］所涉及的人数。第27题：WemayconcludefromthetextthatA.thefutureofthesmallbusinessesispromisingandundoubtedlyencouraging.B.allthosewholeavetheirjobswillbeabossofasmallbusiness.C.everyoneshouldlookbeforetheyleapwhentheydecidemanagingsmallbusiness.D.thesuccessofsmallbusinesssolelydependsonthebosseswhoperformtheirlastjobs.参考答案：C答案解析：推理题。解题时应在理解文章大意的基础上对其中的特殊用词和句型进行分析。通过阅读：文章第二段中间部分，其中的数据表明在激烈的竞争中小企业的生存状况并不乐观，这样可以推论出作者的写作目的是告诫人们在经营小公司时要谨慎小心。因此选项［C］为正确答案。第28题:Whenopeningsmallbusinesses,themostimportantthingforsmall-businessownerstodoisA.tomakeathoroughanalysisonthemarket.B.toinvestmuchmoremoneyinsmallbusiness.C.tocutdowntheworkers,wages.D.tothinkcarefullyabouttheinternalspecificconditionsinthesmallenterprises.参考答案：D答案解析：事实细节题。文章第三段首句“ThinkingthroughanenterprisebeforetheLunchisobviouslycritical.”（开张前对企业进行周密的考虑显然是至关重要的。）中的"critical”一词与题干中“themostimportantthing”构成语义重现，因此选项［D］是正确答案。第29题：

10Inarecentresearch,afterthreeyears,smallenterpriseswillbealiveamong3,000smallbusinesses.A.morethan60B.morethan51C.morethan2,310D.morethan2,400参考答案：C答案解析：推理题。在文章第二段倒数第三句"Threeyearsafterstart-up,77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive."（在调查的公司中有77%在开张3年后仍然运营着。）作者点出了小企业优胜劣汰的比率，通过它可以推算正确答案是选项［C］。第30题：Theauthor，sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofsmallbusinessesisA.worried.B.unconcerned.C.optimistic.D.cautious.参考答案：D答案解析：态度题。文章第二段前一部分中的“unprepared”,“fail"，"fatally"等词表现了文章的基调并非"unconcerned”（漠不关心）和"optimistic"（乐观）°但文章的基调也不是“worried”（忧心忡忡），从第三段首句可以推断作者对小企业的发展持谨慎态度，因此选项［D］cautious表达正确。Text3Historically,theEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernments,notleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncil（ERC）thatwouldspendamaximumof12billion（$14billion）oversevenyearson"blueskies"research.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope，smemberstates,theirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversities,scientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.But,theERC，sproponentsargue,theiractivitiesarefragmented,sotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmerica,teamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificproject,solelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreated,scientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfunds,ratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymen,ashappensatpresent.

11ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEU,whichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferent,placingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotny,whochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard-anadvisorybodytothecommission-saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003,Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicine,physicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndia,Europe'ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope，srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope，sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700,000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspending(private,nationalandEU)onresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.Itcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareers,encouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagenda,freefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth,22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC，sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC'slegalform,onadateyetunspecified,restswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope，saimofbecomingmorecompetitive,thentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.第31题：WhydidtheEUseldomfinancebasicscientificresearchinthepast?A.Becausetheydon，twanttobebotheredwiththosebasicresearches.B.Becausenationalgovernmentstakethemastheirsolepreserve.C.Becausemembercountrieswanttokeepthebenefitstothemselves.D.Becausescientistfromthemembercountriescouldn，tcompete.参考答案：C

12答案解析：原因细节题。文章第一段末尾提到“因为给予科学家自由发挥的权利就会导致一些发现，这些发现不仅能够挣钱而且最终能够增强军事实力"由此看出欧盟内的国家自己资助科学研究的原因是不想与别人分享成果，也就是把科研的好处留给自己。第32题：AccordingtoERCsupporters,scientistsarenotreachingtheirfullpotentialbecauseA.theEuropeanUnionisnotascompetitiveastheU.S..B.memberstatescannotcooperateasshouldhave.C.Europedoesnothaveenoughtopresearchinstitutions.D.researchactivitiesinEuropelackenoughcompetition.参考答案：D答案解析：原因细节题。文章第二段尾句说“ERC的支持者认为欧洲研究机构的活动是支离破碎的，因此没有发挥全部潜能”。而第三段开头句说：在美国，全国的科研队伍彼此竞争科研经费。证明真正原因在于欧洲的研究行为缺乏竞争。第33题：Thephrase"steppedupanotchz，(line1,paragraph5)mostprobablymeansA.improved.B.decreased.C.worsened.D.stamped.参考答案：A答窠解析：含义题。文章第五段后面说“欧洲的诺贝尔奖获得者比美国少很多，而有了来自中国和印度的竞争后，欧洲的比例还可能进一步下降”。而第一句说‘'欧洲的研究质量需要。”由此可见是需要“提高、改善”的。只有［A］正确。第34题：WhichofthefollowingcontributestotheweakperformanceofEurope?A.Ahugelackofresearcherswithcompetitiveedge.B.Theinabilitytointegratenewstrengthintotheirresearchteams.C.Anunderfundingofthebasicresearchprograms.D.TheinabilitytotrainyoungresearcherstocompetewiththeU.S..参考答案：B答案解析：判断题。文章第六段开头提到两个原因：第一，欧洲研究人员之间没有真正的竞争，第二，很难吸引年轻人进入研究生涯。只有［B］选项符合第二条原因。第35题：

13ERC'sultimatesuccessseemstolieinA.thehandsoftheEuropeanParliament.B.thesupportofmemberstatesoftheECC.theabsenceofpoliticalintervention.D.thenumberofvoteseachmemberisallotted.参考答案：C答案解析：文章最后两段都反复提到了freefromtheinterference,证明ERC真正的成功在于没有政治因素干扰。Text4Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Po,hot-houseoftheFrenchelite,noGauloisesmokefillstheair,nodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle,splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspace,MrChiracwillnotstandidlyby.Heaskedhiscultureminister,RenaudDonnedieudeVabres,andJean-No。1Jeanneney,headofFrance'sBibliothfequeNationale,todothesameforFrenchtext-andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejob?ItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinternetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.donotbelieve”,wroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMonde,〃thattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularity,whichhasbeenbehindGoogle，ssuccess.”ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.Acourthasupheldarulingagainstit,inalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinks(Google，schiefsourceofrevenues)constitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagency,AgenceFrance-Presse,hasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedofthe'riskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.〃“IhavenothinginparicularagainstGoogle,“hetoldL*Express,amagazine."IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansystem,inwhichthelawofthemarketisking.〃Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.Ifpopularitycannotarbitrate,whatwill?MrJeanneneywantsa"committeeofexperts'7.Heappearstobeserious,thoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexperts,orexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatter,wouldseemtobeinsufficient.Andifadvertisingisnottopay,willthetaxpayer?TheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac，spetprojects:aCNNdlafrancaise.Overayearago,stungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwar,MrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheend

14of2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France，sdesiretocombatEnglish,onthewebortheairwaves,isunderstandable.ProtectingFrance，stonguefromitscitizens，inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftheriflingelite.TheAcad6mieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-terms,suchasarrosage(spam)orbogue(bug).LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—“SuperNannyz/and"StarAcademyz/arecurrentpests-andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.第36题：PresidentJacquesChiracwantstosetupaFrenchsearchenginetoA.competewiththeAmericanrival"Google”.B.protectFrenchstudentsfromAmericaninvasion.C.preservetheintegrityoftheFrenchculture.D.stopstandingidlybywhenbeingthreatened.参考答案：C答案解析：目的细节题。文章第一段第三句说“现在法国总理希拉克希望通过建立一个类似的法语搜索引擎来阻止美国的文化入侵”，那么也就是为了“保护法国文化的完整性”。第37题：MrDonnedieudeVabresisagainstGooglebecauseheA.disagreeswiththewayGooglelistsitsresults.B.resentsGoogle,spopularityaroundtheworld.C.doesnotbelieveGoogle，scommercialsuccess.D.hatesGoogle*saccesstotheFrenchculture.参考答案：A答案解析：原因细节题。文章第二段倒数第二句说“我不相信接触我们的文化的唯一途径是Google用来排列搜索结果的粗俗标准”,也就是“Google列举结果的方式”。第38题：TherealconflictbehindFrenchresistancetoGoogleisactuallytheonebetweenA.theFrenchlawandtheAmericanlaw.B.thecommercialvalueandtheculturalvalue.C.thetraditionalviewsandthemodernviews.D.thelawofmarketandthelawofcommerce.参考答案：B答案解析：事实细节题。文章第四段末尾强调“对武力和消费者需求的宣扬不应该超越高尚的品味和文化底蕴”，证明美国的Google代表了“经济价值”，而法国人则崇尚“品味和文化”，因此二者的矛盾就是“文化价值”和“经济价值”的矛盾。

15第39题:Thephrase"boggeddown”(lastline,paragraph5)isclosestinmeaningtoA.launched.B.prepared.C.drawn.D.stuck.参考答案：D答案解析：含义题。文章第五段最后一句说‘'这一计划由于内斗而被”，该词组中有“down”即“下来”这个含义，那么肯定和不成功有关，四个选项只有选项[D]stuck表示“困住，卡住”，因此入选。第40题：Theauthor，sattitudetowardstheFrencheffortsseemstobeA.warmlysupportive.B.extremelyunderstanding.C.alittlecritical.D.highlyrejecting.参考答案：C答案解析：态度题。文章最后一段倒数最后两句说“把英语的入侵看成一个国家必须纠正的市场方面的错误可能看起来有些愚蠢，可是在法国却是家常便饭"由"clumsy”这个贬义词的使用可以证明作者对法国的做法持批判态度。多项填空[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational[B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes[C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary?[D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates.[E]Incompatibletimescale[F]ThesalvageconventionAccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternational(CMI)isanon-governmentalinternationalorganization,theobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897.41InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860,theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswinds,itsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime.z/Inotherwords,those

16involvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwill,byandlarge,bethesame.Traditionally,uniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments.42Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.Ifthatisthepropercriterionofsuccess,onecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention-theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember23,1910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslater,onMarch1,1913.43Almostassuccessful,innumericalterms,isaconventionofsimilarvintage,namelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch1,1913.weare,quiteproperly,startingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconvention,ascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989,designedtoreplacethe1910Convention,didnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996,morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention.44ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924,butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupported,andeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957Convention,thetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestates,thoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConvention,thatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitation,namelythe1996Protocol,hasnotyetcomeintoforce,despitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed.45Byalmostanystandardofmeasurement,themostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.Thetextofthatconvention(towhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddrafting)wasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslater,inJune1975.Theconventionhas,atvariousstages,beenaccededtoorratifiedby103states(withtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications).IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUK

17umbrella,werealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention.Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.Eventually,thisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation，s(IMO)LegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.Overensuingyears(theLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorso),issuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebated,newissueswillberaised,andtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.Atsomestage,theviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConference,itwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirement,whichwillneedtobesatisfied.第41题:参考答案：C详细解答：该段的第一句中就提到"demandsanecessaryuniformityM与［C］选项"whyisuniformitynecessaryM构成关键词重现关联。第42题：参考答案：A详细解答：该段破折号前面提到"theveryfirstCMIconventionw与［A］选项构成关键词重现关联。第43题：参考答案：F详细解答：该段中两次提到"theSalvageConventionw与［F］选项构成关键词重现关联。第44题：

18参考答案：B详细解答：该段中提到了一个公约的不同版本，最新的是第四版，也就是说修改了三次。第45题:参考答案:D详细解答：该段中出现关键词"themostsuccessfulw和“accededtoorratifiedby103states"也就证明这个公约是签署国家最多的一个公约。第52题:Directions:Studythefollowingbarchartscarefullyandwriteanessayto1)pointouttheimplicationofthebarcharts,2)analyzethephenomenon,and3)givesomesuggestionsYoushouldwrite160-200wordsonANSWERSHEETII.参考答案：［参考范文］:ThebarchartsaccountfortheacademicperformanceofastudentinanEnglishproficiencytest.Asisshowninthechart,thestudenttendstodobetterinthesectionrelatedtolanguagebasics.However,inthesectionconcerningoralandwritingability,thestudentpresentspoorperformance.Theresultabovealsoappliestomanyotherstudents.Itisnotunusualthatsomestudentsdowellinanyexaminationconcerningblankfillingandmultiplechoices,forthetestskillsorwhatwecall"knacks"makeiteasiertofindoutthebestanswer.Sometimesastudent,withtheaidoftestskills,canfigureouttheanswerwithoutknowingwhatthesentencemeans.However,itisquitedifferentifonewritesorspeaks.Theseabilitiesemphasizeinformationaccumulationandactivethinking.Ifstudentsseldomreadcomprehensivelyorthinkcreatively,theycanhardlycollectenoughinformationorknowledgeforoutput.Additionally,iftheydon，tthinkcreatively,theywillneverknowthatlogicalthinkinganddialecticalmethodsareusefulforfluentspeakingandwriting.Bycontrast,itisrelativelyeasyforastudenttolearnhowtofilloutablankorpickoutacorrectanswer.Inasense,thescenedepictedinthechartsabovetendstoillustratesuchanobservation.Itisurgentthatsomemeasuresbetakentoimprovetheyoungsters，oralandwritingability.Foronething,theschoolteachersareexpectedtoimprovetheirteachingskills,

19encouragingstudentstothinkanddiscussratherthantoseekcorrectanswersonly.Foranotherthing,studentshavetopaydueattentiontospeakingandwriting.Still,itrequirespracticeifonewantstolearntospeakandwriteeffectively.OnlyinthiswaycanthefruitofEnglishlearningbebetterdemonstratedseeninthetests.详细解答：多项填空Practicallyspeaking,theartisticmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith(1875-1948).46BeforeGriffith,photographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.Fromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirector,however,Griffith,becauseofhisloveofVictorianpainting,employedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandarearground,aswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshotstoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera，spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.47Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecameraposition,hecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot.Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentation,hecouldcontroltiledramaticintensityoftheeventsasthestoryprogressed.48Despitethereluctanceofhisproducers,whofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimages,Griffithpersisted,andexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashback,permittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwasnotchronological,andthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.Inthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofediting,GriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace.Besidesdevelopingthecinema，slanguage,Griffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.49Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomedies,melodramas,westerns,andthrillers,butalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennyson,andtreatmentsofsocialissues.Ashissuccessesmounted,hisambitionsgrew,andwiththemthewholeofAmericancinema.WhenheremadeEnochArdenin1911,heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith，sintroductionoftheAmerican-made

20multi-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.Twoyearslater,JudithofBethulia,anelaboratehistoricphilosophicalspectacle,reachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreels,oronehour，srunningtime.50Fromourcontemporaryviewpoint,thepretensionsofthisfilmmayseemalittleridiculous,butatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewintellectualrespectabilitytothecinema.第46题：参考答案：［参考译文］在格里菲斯之前，戏剧性电影中的摄影所包括的仅仅是将演员置于静止不动的摄影机之前，将其完整展示出来，正如他们有可能在舞台上出现的那样。详细解答：句段译文BeforeGriffith,photographyindramaticfilmsconsistedof在格里菲斯(Griffith)之前，戏剧性电影中的摄影所包括的littlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycamera仅仅是将演员置于静止不动的摄影机之前andshowingtheminfulllength将其完整展示出来astheywouldhaveappearedonstage正如他们有可能在舞台上出现的那样•littlemorethan可译为"仅仅是"。•as所在从句为方式状语，而句子内容为虚拟语气，可译作“正如他们可能在舞台上出现的那样”。［词汇释义］•stationary静止的第47题:参考答案：［参考译文］通过将一个事件分割成为多个片段，并从最佳拍摄位置来记录每个片段，他得以在一个拍摄镜头和另一个拍摄镜头之间大幅变换其侧重点。详细解答：句段译文Bysplittinganeventintofragments通过将一个事件分割成为多个片段andrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecameraposition并从最佳拍摄位置来记录每个片段hecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasis他可以大幅变化其侧重点fromcamerashottocamerashot在一个拍摄镜头和另一个拍摄镜头之间・by后的and为并列结构，可译作“通过……并……”。［词汇释义］•fragment片段，碎片第48题：参考答案:［参考译文］尽管制片商们并不情愿，担心公众无法跟上由这样的画面所构成的情节，但格里菲斯依然坚持不懈，并实验电影语言的其他要素，自此这些要素便成为标准。详细解答：句段译文Despitethereluctanceofhisproducers,whofearedthat

21尽管制片商们并不情愿，他们担心thepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchimages公众无法跟上由这样的画面所构成的情节Griffithpersisted,andexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntax但格里菲斯依然坚持不懈，并实验电影语言的其他要素thathavebecomestandardeversince而这些要素自从那时起便成为标准•aplot后that所在从句为修饰plot的定语从句，可译为"由所构成的情节"。•syntax后的that所在从句为修饰elements的定语从句，可后置译为“而这些要素［词汇释义］・plot情节・syntax语法，句法第49题:参考答案：［参考译文］他早期的作品极具折中主义，这些作品不仅仅包括标准的喜剧、音乐剧、西部片和恐怖片，还包括一些新颖之处，如对布朗宁和丁尼生作品的改编，以及对社会问题的处理。详细解答：句段译文Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic他早期的作品极具折中主义itincludednotonlythestandardcomedies,melodramas,westerns,andthrillers它不仅仅包括标准的喜剧、音乐剧、西部片和恐怖片butalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennyson而且包括新颖之处，如对布朗宁和丁尼生作品的改编andtreatmentsofsocialissues以及对社会问题的处理译为“不仅……而且……”。如……［词汇释义］乐剧•thriller恐怖片第50题：•notonly…butalso…为并列结构，可•suchnoveltiesas可译作“新颖之处，•eclectic折中主义的・111。10超@111@音•adaptation改编参考答案：［参考译文］从我们当代的观点来看，这部电影的自命不凡似乎有点荒唐可笑，但在当时却引起了无休止的争论和讨论，并赋予了电影一种崭新的理性的崇高。详细解答:句段译文Fromourcontemporaryviewpoint从我们当代的观点来看thepretensionsofthisfilmmayseemalittleridiculous这部电影的自命不凡似乎有点荒唐可笑butatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussion但在当时却引起了无休止的争论和讨论andgaveanewintellectualrespectatibitytothecinema并赋予了电影一种崭新的理性的崇高［词汇释义］•contemporary当代的•pretension自负，自命不凡•intellectual智慧的，理性的respectability可敬，,占;

22填空PartA第51题：Directions:Youhaven，theardfromyourfriend(LiPing)sincelastyear.Writealetteraccordingtothefollowingoutline:1)greethimandtellhimhowyouspendyourvocationand2)invitehimtoBeijing.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon，thavetowritetheaddress.—参考答案：［参考范文］：DearLiPingIthasbeenalongtimesinceyouvisitedBeijinglastyear.I'mwritingtoextendmysinceregreetingstoyou.Iamverybusyduringthesummervacation.Afterbreakfast,IbegintolearnintensivereadingandthenturnedonTVtowatchsomeAmericanmovies.Intheafternoon,Idosomelisteningpracticeandthenswitchedonmycomputertochatonline.Occasionally,ifweatherpermitting,IgototheSummerPalaceforawalk.Additionally,IhavebookedaticketforthebasketballgamefortheBeijingOlympicGames.Howaboutyou?Isn'titagoodideaifyoucancomeovertoBeijingandsharethewonderfulsummervacation?Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleasefeelfreetocontactme.Lookforwardtoyourarrival.SincerelyYours,LiMing详细解答：