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1、•••4•••MORALANDSOCIALPROGRAMS:THEGREATLEARNINGTHEIMPORTANCEofthislittleClassicisfargreaterthanitssmallsizewouldsuggest.ItgivestheConfucianeducational,moral,andpoliticalprogramsinanutshell,neatlysummedupintheso-called"threeitems":manifestingtheclearcharacterof
2、man,lovingthepeople,andabidinginthehighestgood;andinthe"eightsteps":theinvestiga-tionofthings,extensionofknowledge,sincerityofthewill,rectificationofthemind,cultivationofthepersonallife,regulationofthefamily,nationalorder,andworldpeace.Moreover,itisthecentral
3、Confuciandoctrineofhumanity(jen)inapplication.Confuciussaidthatthereisacentralthreadrunningthroughhisteachings,andthatcentralprincipleisconscientiousnessandaltruism,whicharetwoaspectsofhumanity.1Theeightstepsaretheblueprintsfortranslatinghumanityintoactualliv
4、ing,carefullymaintainingthebalanceandharmonyoftheindividualontheonesideandsocietyontheother.ItisbecauseofthissignificancethattheGreatLearninghasrankedasaConfucianClassicandhasexertedprofoundinfluenceinthelasteighthundredyears.Itisnolessimportantfromthephiloso
5、phicalpointofview.Althoughthetreatisedoesnotdiscussmetaphysicalproblems,itdoespresenttheinvestigationofthingsasthestartingpointinmoralandsociallife.ThisisofcourseperfectlyconsonantwiththeConfucianemphasisonlearning.However,Confucianistshaveneveragreedonhowtol
6、earn,andthedifferentinterpretationsoftheinvestigationofthingsinthisClassiceventuallycreatedbitteroppositionamongNeo-Confucianists.ToChuHsi(1130-1200),ko-wumeanttoinvestigatethings,2bothinductivelyanddeductively,onthepremisethatprinciple(li),thereasonofbeing,i
7、sinherentinthings.Hebelievedthatonlywithaclearknowl-edgeofthingscanone'swillbecomesincere.HethereforerearrangedtheancienttextoftheClassictohavethesectionsontheinvestigationofthingsappearbeforethoseonsincerityofthewill.WangYang-ming(WangShou-jen,1472-1529),ont
8、heotherhand,believingthatprin-cipleisinherentinthemind,tookkotomean"tocorrect,"thatis,tocorrectwhatiswronginthemind.Tohim,sincerityofthewill,withoutwhichnotrueknowledgeispossible,mustcome
