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1、Chapter7Qualifyingthings:Modifiers7.0Overview7.1Qualificationsandmodifiers7.2Qualificationbymeansofproperties:Adjectives7.3Qualificationbymeansofrelations:Genitivephrasesandprepositionalphrases7.4Qualificationbymeansofsituations:Relativeclauses7.5Summary7.0OverviewAthingoraninstanceofathingmay,in
2、thespeaker’sdiscourse,beinneedofmorespecificqualification.Qualificationshavedifferentfunctions:arestrictivefunctionasinafeministwriter,andanon-restrictivefunctionasinafreegift.Qualificationsareexpressedasmodi-fiersofnouns.Modifiersmayoccupydifferentpositionswithregardtotheheadnountheymodify.Theymay
3、occurinprenominalpositionasinavisiblestarorinpostnominalpositionasinastarvisibletonight.Ingeneral,premodifiersexpressstablequalifications,whilepostmodifiersexpresstemporaryqualifications.Qualificationsmaybeachievedinthreeways:bymeansofaproperty,bymeansofarelation,andbymeansofasituation.Qualifyin
4、gpropertiesareexpressedasadjectives,qualifyingrelationsareexpressedbygenitivephrasesandprepositionalphrases,andqualifyingsituationsareexpressedasrelativeclauses.7.1QualificationsandmodifiersQualificationsmaybeusedtospecifythingsandinstancesofathing—forreasonsofsim-plicitywewillusetheterm‘thing
5、’tocoverthetype‘thing’aswellasinstancesofathingun-lessthedistinctionbetweenathingandaninstanceofathingisrelevant.InEnglish,suchspecifyingqualificationsareexpressedbymeansofmodifiers,inparticularadjectives,genitivephrases,prepositionalphrasesandrelativeclauses.Modifiersaregrammatically142Cognit
6、iveEnglishGrammarpartofanounphraseandaredependentontheirheadnoun.Forexample,inthenounphraseasweetgirl,theadjectivesweetmodifiestheheadnoungirl.Therearealsoothertypesofmodifiers.Forinstance,inso-calledendocentriccompoundssuchasalarmclock,thefirstelement,i.e.thenounalarm,typicallymodifiesthesecon
7、delement,theheadnounclock.Inaddition,wholesentencesmaybemodifiedasinFortunately,hedidn’tknockmeonthehead.Thesetypesofmodificationwill,however,notbedealtwithinthischapteronthequalificationofthings.Theanalysisofqualificationandmodifiersrequirestwofactorstobecon
