from thought to language types of things

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1、Chapter3FromthoughttolanguageCognitivegrammar3.0Overview3.1Conceptualandlinguisticstructure:Things,relationsandconceptualcores3.2Situations:Sentences3.3Combiningsituations:Independentandcomplexsentences3.4Summary3.0OverviewThischapteraimstoshowhowunitsofthoughtrelatetol

2、anguage.Atthelevelofthought,weneednomorethantwobasictypesofconceptualunits:thingsandrelations.Thingsareautonomousconceptualunitsthataretypicallyexpressedasnouns;relationsarede-pendentconceptualunitsthataretypicallyexpressedasverbsandadjectives.Arelationandthingscombinet

3、oformaconceptualcoreandultimatelyasituation.Thelinguisticcounterpartofaconceptualsituationisthesentence,thebasicindependentunitofgram-mar.Thechapterwillalsolookatthewaysinwhichsituationsarecombinedandexpressedeitherasindependentsentencesorascomplexsentences.3.1Conceptua

4、landlinguisticstructure:Things,relationsandconceptualcoresConceptsarethecoinageofthought.(Johnson-Laird&Wason,1977)3.1.1ThingsandrelationsThemostfundamentaldistinctionwhichthegrammarofEnglishoranyotherlanguagemakesisthedistinctionbetweenthetwowordclassesofnouns(e.g.bicy

5、cle)andverbs(e.g.42CognitiveEnglishGrammarride).Itisnocoincidencethatthesetwobasicgrammaticalcategoriesarefoundineverylanguage:theyreflectourstructuringoftheworldasweexperienceitintotwobasictypesofconceptualunits:thingsandrelations.Forlackofabetternamewewillusethetermthi

6、ngforaconceptualunitthatisex-pressedinlanguageasanoun.Thingsappearinourconceptualworldasautonomous,orindependent,conceptualunitsthathaveacertainstabilityinspaceandtime.Themostprototypicalthingsinourexperientialworldrelatetophysicalobjectssuchascowsandcomputers.Lessproto

7、typicalthingsareabstractunitssuchasillnessesandjoy.Inourworldofthought,thingsareusuallyrelatedtootherconceptualunits.Forex-ample,ImaythinkofabicycleasthevehicleIamriding,asanobjectthatalwaysneedstobefixed,asabirthdaypresentIwanttobuyformyson,etc.Situationssuchastheseareh

8、eldtogetherbyrelationssuchas‘ride’,‘fix’,‘buy’,etc.Relationsaredependentconceptualunitsthatlinktwoormorethingsa