tense and aspect课件

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1、Lecture12TenseandAspect(2)Theperfectiveaspectcancombinewiththetwotenses,formingpresentperfective(havedone)andpastperfective(haddone),whichcanagaincombinewiththeprogressiveaspect,resultinginpresentperfectiveprogressive(havebeendoing)andpastperfectiveprogressive(hadbeend

2、oing).12.1Usesofpresentperfective(progressive)(havedone/havebeendoing)1)Presentperfective(havedone)Presentperfective,acombinationoftheper-fectiveaspectwiththepresenttense(have/has+-edparticiple),hastwochiefuses:“finished”useand“unfinished”use.a)The“finished”userefersto

3、thepresentresultofapasteventstilloperativeatthepresentmoment.Insuchcases,momentaryverbsandtransitionalverbsareespeciallyinvolved.(无表示段的时间状语,强调结果)e.g.:HehasleftShanghaiforBeijing.I’vejustlockedthedoor.He’srecoveredfromhisillness.Itcanbeusedtodenotealongresult.Inthiscase

4、,durativeverbsareused.e.g.:I’vestudiedEsperanto.He’shadagoodeducation.Besides,itcanbeusedtodenotethatanactionoccursbeforeanotherverb.e.g.:Iunderstandwhathehassaidtous.Returnallthebooksthatyouhaveborrowedfromthelibrary.b)The“unfinished”useofthepresentperfectivedenotesth

5、atanactionorstateextendsoveraperiodlastinguptothepresentmoment,possiblyextendingintothefutureaswell.The“unfinished”useisoftenfoundinanexpressionreferringtoastateorahabitorinanegativeexpressionindicatingthenon-occur-renceofanevent.(用持续性动词或静态动词,与for/since表示段的时间状语连用)e.g.:

6、He’sbeenillfor3years.I’veknownhimfor20years.Shehasn’tcalledyetsincesheleft.Ihaven’tseenhimforalongtime.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwousesmanifestsitselfinthefactthatinthe“unfinished”use,thepresentperfectiveiscommonlyaccompaniedbyanadverbialexpressingduration,butnosuchacc

7、ompany-ingadverbialispresentinthe“finished”use.Compare:Hehasturnedoffthelight.(Thelightisstilloffnow.)Hehaslivedheresince1980.(Theperiodofresidenceextendstothepresent,orhewillgoonlivinghere.)2)Presentperfectiveprogressive(havebeendoing)Theuseofthepresentperfectiveprogr

8、essivehasmuchincommonwiththe“unfinished”useofthepresentperfective.a)Itdenotesthatanactionstartedinthepastandiscontinu