quantifying things quantifiers qualifying things modifiers

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1、Chapter6Quantifyingthings:Quantifiers6.0Overview6.1Typesofquantification6.2Setquantification6.3Scalarquantification6.4Interactionofquantifierswitheachotherandwithreferents6.5Summary6.0OverviewAsspeakersofEnglishwenormallycombinereferencetoaninstanceofathingwithinfor-mationaboutitsquantity.

2、Notionsofquantityaretypicallyexpressedbynumber(singularorplural)andquantifiers.Thischapterconcentratesonquantificationbymeansofquan-tifiers.Wemayconceiveofthequantityofaninstanceintwodifferentways:intermsofasetorintermsofascale.Setquantificationreferstothemagnitudeofasubsetrelativetoafulls

3、et;itisexpressedbysetquantifierssuchasallandmost.Scalarquantificationreferstoamagnitudealongascale;itisexpressedbyscalarquantifierssuchasmanyandmuch.Setandscalarquantifiersmayinteractwithreferringexpressionsinpartitiveconstruc-tionsandcanbecombinedwitheachother.6.1TypesofquantificationQuan

4、tificationisanall-importantfacetofourdailylives.Wequantifyboththingsandsitu-ations.Thequantificationofathingoftenshadesoverintothequantificationofasituation.Comparethefollowingsentences:(1)a.WeoftenspentoursummerinBlackpool.b.WespentmanysummersinBlackpool.c.Westayedatthreehotels.116Cogni

5、tiveEnglishGrammarSentence(1a)referstodifferentoccurrencesofthesamesituationatdifferenttimesandquantifiesthembymeansofthefrequencyadverboften.Sentence(1b)mayalsodescribedifferentoccurrencesofthesamesituationbutthequantityisnowexpressedbymeansofthenounquantifiermany.Sentence(1c)alsoinvolves

6、threeoccurrencesofsituationsatdifferenttimes—itishighlyunlikelythatwestayedatthreedifferenthotelsatthesametime—butnowwefocusourattentiononthenumberofhotels.Noticealsothatweindi-cateaquantityinthenounphrases(1b)and(1c)twice:bymeansofthelexicalquantifier(manyandthree)and,ataveryschematicle

7、vel,bymeansofthepluralmarker-sinthenoun(summersandhotels)Thischapterissolelyconcernedwiththequantificationofthings.Moreprecisely,wewillspeakofthequantificationofinstancesofathing.Onlyaparticularinstanceofathing,notathingasatype,mayhaveacertainmagnitude.ImagineasituationinwhichIwanttoinf

8、ormmy