grounding things reference quantifying things quantifiers

《grounding things reference quantifying things quantifiers》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在工程资料-天天文库。

1、Chapter5Groundingthings:Reference5.0Overview5.1Reference,referentsandreferringexpressions5.2Indefinitereference5.3Definitereference5.4Genericreference5.5Conclusion5.6Summary5.0OverviewThevariousinstancesofthingsbroughtupindiscourseneedtobesharedbyspeak

2、erandhearer.Thespeakerthereforetriestomakethethingsshehasinmindaccessibletothehearer.Shemayrelatethemeithertotheongoingspeechsituationortothehearer’sstateofknowledge,asassessedbythespeaker.Technically,thespeaker“grounds”theinstanceofathinginanactofre

3、ference.Ifthespeakerdeemsthatthehearerhasasyetnoaccesstotheinstancesmeant,sheusesindefinitereferenceexpressedinindefinitenounphrases.Ifthehearercanbesupposedtobeabletoaccesstheinstancesofthethingsmeant,thespeakerusesdefinitereference.Aspecialcaseoccursw

4、henthespeakerreferstotheclassasawhole,whichiscalledgenericreference.5.1Reference,referentsandreferringexpressions5.1.1HowwereferWhenthinkingortalkingtopeople,wehaveallkindsofthingsinourminds:myfriendSue,theticketIhavejustboughtorthecupofcappuccinoIam

5、dyingtodrink.Usu-ally,theseareparticularinstancesofathing(forthenotionstype,tokenandinstanceseeChapter4.1.1).Whenwewanttotalkaboutsuchinstances,weneedtodrawthehearer’sattentiontothemandensurethatthehearerwillhavethesameinstanceinmindaswedo.88Cognitiv

6、eEnglishGrammarTechnically,theparticularinstanceofathingwedrawattentiontoinspeakingisknownasareferent,andthecommunicativeactofdirectingthehearer’sattentiontoareferentisknownasreference.Anactofreferenceisachievedbyusingareferringexpression,bymeansofwh

7、ichthespeaker“anchors”,orgrounds,areferentinthecurrentdiscoursesituation.Referringexpressionsarenounphrases,i.e.phrasescomposedofagroundingelementandanoun(forgroundingseeChapter3.2.2).Forexample,inthenounphraseyourdog,thegroundingelementyouranchorsth

8、ereferent‘dog’inthespeechsituation.Successfulactsofreferenceareperformedsoautomaticallythatwearehardlyawareofthecomplexitiesofreferring.Letusthereforeillustratereferencebyconsideringatypicalexampleofreferentialfailure:(1)GeraldtoHarry:“We’llmeetatthe