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1、19FreeSpeechasanInvertedRightandDemocraticPersuasionCoreyBrettschneiderAccordingtoElizabethAndersonandRichardPildes,rightsshouldbeunderstood,notasbasedontheinterestsoftheindividual,butratherasdelineatedbytheexpres-sivecapacitiesofthestate.1TheEstablishmentClauseoftheFirstAmendmentoftheUni
2、tedStatesConstitutionforexample,whichbars“endorsement”ofreligionbythestatecanbebestunderstoodintermsofwhatthestateshouldorshouldnotexpress.Bythisaccount,acrossinapublicschoolclassroomisproblematicbecauseitsug-geststhatthestateisendorsingChristianity.Accordingtothe“expressivist”view,itisam
3、istaketothinkthatweshouldunderstandwhythecrosswouldbeproblematicbylookingtotheinterestsofthestudents.Noneofthesestudentsarecoerceddirectly,noraretheirinterestsobviouslyaffected.Theymay,forinstance,simplyignorethecross.Instead,displayingthecrossinapublicschoolclassroomisproblematicfortheex
4、pressivistsbecauseitviolateswhatAndersonandPildesregardasthestate’sfundamentalidentity;itimpliesthatthestateisChristian.AndersonandPildeshelp-fullydemonstratethatissuesconcerningreligiousestablishmentarelinkedtowhatthestateshouldorshouldnotsaywhenit“speaks.”Inevitably,thestatewillexpressa
5、messageinmanycircumstances.Itisunrealisticthatclassrooms,forinstance,couldentirelyavoidconveyinganystatemessage.Rathertheissue,asexpressivistsdemon-strate,iswhatthestateshouldsay,giventhatitwillunavoidablyexpressitself.IdonotwishtodisputeAnderson’sandPildes’influentialaccountoftheEstablis
6、hmentClausehere.InsteadI wanttodiscussakindofproblemthatcanariseinthetensionbetweenstateexpressionandtheprotectionofnegativerightsagainstcoerciveintervention.ThisproblemisdistinctfromAnderson’sandPildes’focusondirectstateexpressionrelevanttotheEstablishmentClause,soitisnotsurprisingthatth
7、eirtheorydoesnotaddressit.2Therighttobefreefromstatecoercioninmat-tersofindividualexpressionrequiresadistinctkindofexpressivisttheory,becausethewaythatthestateconveysitsmessageinprotectingfreespeechisinevitablymoreambiguousthanintheEstablishmentClausecontext.Whatisd
