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1、20FreeSpeechand“DemocraticPersuasion”AResponsetoBrettschneiderLarryAlexanderI.TheParadoxofLiberalismLiberalism’shallmarkisitsendorsementofcertainbasicfreedoms: freedomofspeech,freedomofreligion,andfreedomofassociation.Yetthecontentofsomespeech,reli-giousdoctrines,andcriteriaofassociatio
2、nareinconsistentwithliberalism’stenets.Speechmightadvocaterestrictionsonspeechaswellastheabolitionofdemocracy,theexpulsionofreligiousandracialgroups,andsoforth.Somightreligiousdoc-trines.Andassociationsmightrequirevarious“illiberal”conditionsformembershipandmightseektoadvancevarious“ill
3、iberal”goals.I shallrefertoilliberalspeech,religion,andassociationas“illiberalism”for short.Whatshouldbetheliberalstate’sresponsetoilliberalism?Ifitoutlawsilliberal-ism,itscredentialsasaliberalstateappeartobeundermined.Ifitpermitsilliberal-ism,itlicensesRobertFrost’sderogatoryquipthatli
4、beralismcan’ttakeitsownsideinanargument.Eitherway,liberalismappearsself-contradictoryandincoherent.Itmusteitherbetrayitsprinciplesorbetrayitself(andtherebybetrayitsprinciples).Liberalismbothappearstobepossible—we’veseenitdone—andimpossible(itcan’tbe done).Thatis,inbrief,theparadoxoflibe
5、ralism.Elsewhere,I havediagnosedtheprob-lemasonethatstemsfromtheimpossible-to-realizeideaofevaluativeneutralitythatdefinestheliberalfreedoms.1I therearguedthattheparadoxwasrealandinsoluble.II.TheBrettschneiderSolution: Paradox LostCoreyBrettschneider,inhiscontributiontothisbook(seechapt
6、er 19)andinhismon-ograph,WhentheStateSpeaks,WhatShouldItSay?HowDemocraciesCanProtectExpressionandPromoteEquality,2believeshecancuttheGordianKnotofthispara-dox.Althoughhisfocusisonfreedomofspeech,hisapproachhasobviousapplica-tionstoreligionandassociationaswell.Mydiscussion,likehis,willbe
7、focusedonfreedomofspeech.WhatI sayabouthisapproachinthatcontextwill,however,applytothatapproachinthereligionandassociationcontextsas well.1LarryAlexander,IsThereaRightofFreedomofExpression?(New York: CambridgeUniversityPress, 2005).2CoreyBrettschneider,WhentheStateSpeaks,WhatSh
