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1、ValueDemocracyastheBasisforViewpointNeutrality:ATheoryofFreeSpeechandItsImplicationsfortheStateSpeechandLimitedPublicForumDoctrinesPartsofthisessaydrawssubstantiallyfrommybook,WhentheStateSpeaks,WhatshoulditSay?HowDemocraciesCanProtectExpressionandPromoteEquality
2、(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,2012).PartsIIandIIdrawsubstantiallytoofromandarelatedarticle,“WhentheStateSpeaks,WhatShouldItSay,”8PerspectivesonPolitics81005–19(December2010):1005-1019.ThedoctrineofviewpointneutralityiscentraltoFirstAmendmentjurisprudence
3、.FordiscussionsofthedoctrineofviewpointneutralityascoretothemeaningoftheFirstAmendmentfreespeechprotectionseeMartinRedish,TheAdversaryFirstAmendment(PaloAlto,CA:StanfordUniversityPress,forthcoming.)IfocuslaterinthisEssayondiscussionsofVirginiav.Black,538U.S.343(2
4、003)andNationalEndowmentforArtsv.Finley,524U.S.569(1998).Itrequiresthestatetonottreatspeechdifferentlybasedonaspeaker’spoliticalorphilosophicalopinions.Thedoctrinehasrecentlycomeunderattack,however,forprotectinghatespeechandotherviewsinimicaltoliberaldemocracy.Cr
5、iticspointoutthatmostdemocraciesoutsideoftheUnitedStateshaverejectedthedoctrineofviewpointneutrality,whilestillendorsingarighttofreespeech.Thesedemocraciesadmittheimportanceofrespectingdiversepoliticalandphilosophicalopinions,buttheydonotgivewholesaleprotectionto
6、viewpointsthatattackthefreedomandequalityofcitizens.Forexample,Germanybansfascistspeech,Holocaustdenial,andtheadvocacyofracismunderitsprincipleof“militantdemocracy.”SeeErikBleich,TheFreedomtobeRacist?HowtheUnitedStatesandEuropeStruggletoPreserveFreedomandCombatRa
7、cism97-103(OxfordUniversityPress,2011).SeealsoAdamLiptak,Hatespeechorfreespeech?WhatmuchofWestbansisprotectedinU.S.N.Y.Times,June11,2008,http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html(accessedJune25,2012).Similarly,Franceprohibitsspee
8、chthatdisparagesracial,ethnic,orreligiousgroups..id.pp.17–18and40.Canada,intheR.v.Keegstracase,prosecutedateacherforimpartingracistviewsduringaclassroomlesson.
