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1、外文翻译原文：PrivateProvisionofRuralInfrastructureServices:CompetingforSubsidiesByBjörnWellenius,VivienFoster,andChristinaMalmberg-CalvoThreebillionpeopleliveinruralareasworldwideandmanylackcommunication,electricity,water,sanitation,andtransportationservicesthataredeemedessentialforeconomicdevelopmentandd
2、irectlyimpactthequalityoflife.Monopolyprovision,inmostcountriesbythepublicsector,oftenleadstohighinvestmentandrunningcosts, weakoperationandmaintenance ,andlimitedresponsivenesstolocalneeds. Market distortions, governmentintervention, andhiddensubsidiesfailtopromoteefficientuseof resourcestomeetsoci
3、alobjectives ,effectivelytargetthepoor, accountforcostsand benefits ,orreducedependenceonsubsidies.Market-orientedeconomicreformshaveopenedthewaytomoreeffectivesolutionsfor infrastructureservicesbasedonprivatesectorprovision, costrecoverythroughtariffs, increasinglycompetitivemarkets, andregulationw
4、heresufficientcompetitiondoesnot materialize. Thesereformsaimatacceleratingservicegrowthandinnovation ,making productionmoreefficient, andincreasingresponsivenesstodifferinguserneedsandpaymentcapabilities.Gapstypicallyremain ,however, betweenwhatserviceprovidersarepreparedtodo solelyoncommercialgrou
5、ndsandwhatgovernmentsconsidernecessaryfrombroader developmentperspectives. Manyruralareasand, toalesserextent, low-incomeurban areas, continuetobeexcluded.Subsidiesmaybejustifiedtonarrowthesegaps. Looselyspeaking, 8asubsidyexistswhen thecostsincurredinsupplyingaservicearenotfullyrecoveredfromthereve
6、nuesraised bysellingthisservice, thedifferencebeingmetbyothercustomersinthesameorrelated industriesorbygovernments(Wad damsPrice2000).Theeconomicrationalefor subsidyisbasedontheexistenceofconsumptionandproductionexternalities, network externalities, andscaleeconomies. Also, accesstotheseservicesataf
7、fordablepricesis consideredessentialtoenabletheruralpopulationtoparticipateequitablyandeffectively inamodernsociety(Serra2000).RuralsubsidypracticesInthecontextofmarket-orientedeconomicpolicies,subsid
