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1、外文翻译原文：PrivateProvisionofRuralInfrastructureServices:CompetingforSubsidiesByBjörnWellenius,VivienFoster,andChristinaMalmberg-CalvoThreebillionpeopleliveinruralareasworldwideandmanylackcommunication,electricity,water,sanitation,andtransportationservicesthataredeemedessentialforeconomicdevel
2、opmentanddirectlyimpactthequalityoflife.Monopolyprovision,inmostcountriesbythepublicsector,oftenleadstohighinvestmentandrunningcosts, weakoperationandmaintenance ,andlimitedresponsivenesstolocalneeds. Market distortions, governmentintervention, andhiddensubsidiesfailtopromoteefficientuseof
3、 resourcestomeetsocialobjectives ,effectivelytargetthepoor, accountforcostsand benefits ,orreducedependenceonsubsidies.Market-orientedeconomicreformshaveopenedthewaytomoreeffectivesolutionsfor infrastructureservicesbasedonprivatesectorprovision, costrecoverythroughtariffs, increasinglycomp
4、etitivemarkets, andregulationwheresufficientcompetitiondoesnot materialize. Thesereformsaimatacceleratingservicegrowthandinnovation ,making productionmoreefficient, andincreasingresponsivenesstodifferinguserneedsandpaymentcapabilities.Gapstypicallyremain ,however, betweenwhatserviceprovide
5、rsarepreparedtodo solelyoncommercialgroundsandwhatgovernmentsconsidernecessaryfrombroader developmentperspectives. Manyruralareasand, toalesserextent, low-incomeurban areas, continuetobeexcluded.Subsidiesmaybejustifiedtonarrowthesegaps. Looselyspeaking, asubsidyexistswhen thecostsincurredi
6、nsupplyingaservicearenotfullyrecoveredfromtherevenuesraised bysellingthisservice, thedifferencebeingmetbyothercustomersinthesameorrelated industriesorbygovernments(Wad damsPrice2000).Theeconomicrationalefor subsidyisbasedontheexistenceofconsumptionandproductionexternalities, network extern
7、alities, andscaleeconomies. Also, accesstotheseservicesataffordablepricesis consideredessentialtoenabletheruralpopulationtoparticipateequitablyandeffectively inamodernsociety(Serra2000).RuralsubsidypracticesInthecontextofmarket-orientedeconomicpolicies,subsidi
