语言学教程ppt课件.ppt

《语言学教程ppt课件.ppt》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、ChapterTwoSpeechSounds1Ashumanbeingswearecapableofmakingallkindsofsounds,butonlysomeofthesesoundshavebecomeunitsinthelanguagesystem.Wecananalyzespeechsoundsfromvariousperspectivesandthetwomajorareasofstudyarephoneticsandphonology.2Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmit

2、ted,andperceived.Speechproduction(SpeakerA)Speechperception(SpeakerB)3ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.4Phonologyisth

3、estudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimsto‘discovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur’.Inphonologywenormallybeginbyanalyzinganindividuallanguage,sayEnglish,inordertodetermineitsphonologicalstructure,i.e.whi

4、chsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogether.Thenwecomparethepropertiesofsoundsystemsindifferentlanguagesinordertomakehypothesesabouttherulesthatunderlietheuseofsoundsinthem,andultimatelyweaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.51.Howspeechsoundsaremade1.1Sp

5、eechorgansMacMahon(1990:7)6MacMahon(1990:7)7MacMahon(1990:7)8Positionofthevocalfolds:voicelessRoca&Johnson(1999:15)9Positionofthevocalfolds:voicing(initial&thewidestaperture)Roca&Johnson(1999:16)10Positionofthevocalfolds:glottalstopRoca&Johnson(1999:22)111.2TheIPAIn1886,thePhoneti

6、cTeachers’AssociationwasinauguratedbyasmallgroupoflanguageteachersinFrancewhohadfoundthepracticeofphoneticsusefulintheirteachingandwishedtopopularizetheirmethods.ItwaschangedtoitspresenttitleoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(IPA)in1897.12OneofthefirstactivitiesoftheAssociationw

7、astoproduceajournalinwhichthecontentswereprintedentirelyinphonetictranscription.TheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianandphoneticianOttoJespersen(1860-1943)in1886,andthefirstversionoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(theIPAchart)waspublishedinAug

8、ust1888.13Itsmainprinciple