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1、Chapter6Pragmatics----thestudyoflanguageinuseorlanguagecommunication;thestudyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferenceaboutmeaning.----thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.PragmaticsThistermwasfirstproposedbyAmericanphilosophorCharlesWi
2、lliamsMorrisin1937.Thissubjectwasdevelopedquicklyin1960’sand1970s.SomebasicnotionsinPragmaticsPragmaticsvs.semanticsContextSentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaningCorrectnessvs.appropriatenessPragmaticsvs.semanticsSemantics----isthestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentence(with
3、outtakingcontextintoconsideration).Pragmatics----thestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker(takingcontextintoconsideration),e.g.“Mybirthdaypartywillbeheldtomorrownight”,semantically,itmeansthattomorrowIwillcelebratemybirthday;pragmatically,youcanmeanalotbysayingthis,all
4、dependingonthecontextandtheintentionofthespeaker,say,makingainvitationorhopingtoreceiptgifts…ContextnotedbyBritishlinguistJohnFirthContext----abasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchascultur
5、albackground,situation(time,place,manner,etc.),therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc.….Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning----Sentencemeaning:Abstractandcontext-independentmeaning;literalmeaningofasentence;----utterancemeaning:concreteandcontext-dependentm
6、eaning;intendedmeaningofaspeaker;“Ijustateonebowlofrice”(sentencemeaning);anindirect,politerequest,askingthehearertobuysomecandiesorsnacksforher;thespeakerisexpressingherdesireforwhatshewantstoget.Note:Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonthesentencemeaning;itistherealiz
7、ationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext;utterancemeaningisricherthansentencemeaning;itisidenticalwiththepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence.Correctnessvs.appropriateness*“Johnplaygolf”----grammaticallyincorrect;?
8、“GolfplayedJohn”----logicallyincorrect;butitmightbeappropriatepragmaticallyincertaincontext.Note:Pragmaticscanmakesenseoutofnonsense,given
