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1、Chapter12LanguageandtheBrainTwoBranchesofLinguisticsNeurolinguistics神经语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Traditionally,linguistspaymoreattentiontolanguagesystemitself.Now,thetechnologicaladvancesenablesmoreinvestigationofthehumanbrainandlanguageprocessing.Neurolin
2、guisticsNeurolinguisticsisthestudyoftworelatedareas:languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguage.ItincludesresearchintoHowthebrainisstructuredWhatfunctioneachpartofthebrainperformsHowandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstoredHowdamagetothebr
3、ainaffectstheabilitytouselanguageThefocusofthisSectionAbriefsurveyofthebrainstructureanditsfunctionThemethodsusedinthestudyofthebrainintermsofevidecesforlateralization(referringtocognitivefunctionscontrolledeitherbytheleftortherightsideofthebrain)（边侧性）Th
4、edifferenttypesoflanguagedisturbancethatresultfromthebraindamageThebiologicalfoundationsoflanguageByfar,humanbeingsaretheonlyspeciesthatpossesslanguageability.Ourlinguisticabilityisabiologicalgiftofthespecies’sgeneprogram.SpeechorgansTheseorgansconsistof
5、lips,teeth,tongue,oralcavity,nasalcavity,palate(硬腭),velum(软腭),pharynx(咽),epiglottis(会厌),vocalcord(声带),pulmoniccavity(肺腔)andsoon.Humanteethupright,notslantingoutwards,thetopandthebottomsetscanmeetLipsmuscleswhichshowmoreintricateinterlacingthanthoseofothe
6、ranimalsmouthrelativelysmall,canopenandshutrapidlytonguethick,muscularandflexibleenoughtogetintouchwithotherpartsoftheoralcavity.Thestructureandfunctionofthehumanbraincartoonweight:1,400gramsComponent:tenbillionnervecellscalledneuronandbillionsoffibersth
7、atconnecttheseneurons.Neuron:thebasicinformationprocessingunitsofthenervoussystemTwosectionsofthebrainThelowersection：thebrainstemthehighersection:cerebrumthebrainstemConnectingtothespinalcord（脊椎）andsharedbyallanimals,keepsthebodyalivebymaintainingtheess
8、entialfunctionssuchasrespiration,heartrate,andmuscleco-ordinationCerebrumThecerebrumthatdiffersindifferentspeciesisnotessentialforlife.小脑皮层Gyrus脑回Sulcus回间沟Fissure裂缝CerebralCortexThecerebralcortexisthedecision-makingorganof
