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1、Chapter12LanguageandtheBrainTwoBranchesofLinguisticsNeurolinguistics神经语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Traditionally,linguistspaymoreattentiontolanguagesystemitself.Now,thetechnologicaladvancesenablesmoreinvestigationofthehumanbrainandlanguageprocessing.NeurolinguisticsNeurolinguisticsisthestud
2、yoftworelatedareas:languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguage.ItincludesresearchintoHowthebrainisstructuredWhatfunctioneachpartofthebrainperformsHowandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstoredHowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguageThefocusofthisSectionAbriefsurvey
3、ofthebrainstructureanditsfunctionThemethodsusedinthestudyofthebrainintermsofevidecesforlateralization(referringtocognitivefunctionscontrolledeitherbytheleftortherightsideofthebrain)（边侧性）ThedifferenttypesoflanguagedisturbancethatresultfromthebraindamageThebiologicalfoundationsoflanguageB
4、yfar,humanbeingsaretheonlyspeciesthatpossesslanguageability.Ourlinguisticabilityisabiologicalgiftofthespecies’sgeneprogram.SpeechorgansTheseorgansconsistoflips,teeth,tongue,oralcavity,nasalcavity,palate(硬腭),velum(软腭),pharynx(咽),epiglottis(会厌),vocalcord(声带),pulmoniccavity(肺腔)andsoon.Huma
5、nteethupright,notslantingoutwards,thetopandthebottomsetscanmeetLipsmuscleswhichshowmoreintricateinterlacingthanthoseofotheranimalsmouthrelativelysmall,canopenandshutrapidlytonguethick,muscularandflexibleenoughtogetintouchwithotherpartsoftheoralcavity.Thestructureandfunctionofthehumanbra
6、incartoonweight:1,400gramsComponent:tenbillionnervecellscalledneuronandbillionsoffibersthatconnecttheseneurons.Neuron:thebasicinformationprocessingunitsofthenervoussystemTwosectionsofthebrainThelowersection：thebrainstemthehighersection:cerebrumthebrainstemConnectingtothespinalcord（脊椎）an
7、dsharedbyallanimals,keepsthebodyalivebymaintainingtheessentialfunctionssuchasrespiration,heartrate,andmuscleco-ordinationCerebrumThecerebrumthatdiffersindifferentspeciesisnotessentialforlife.小脑皮层Gyrus脑回Sulcus回间沟Fissure裂缝CerebralCortexThecerebralcortexisthedecision-makingorganof
