宏观经济学原理教辅 (18).pdf

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1、18(30)Long-RunGrowthOUTLINEOFTEXTMATERIALI.IntroductionA.Economicgrowthoccurswhenaneconomyexperiencesanincreaseintotaloutput.TherapidgrowththatbeganwiththeIndustrialRevolutioniscalledtheperiodofmoderneconomicgrowth.B.Growthisimportantbecauseiftheeconomygrowsfasterthanpopulation,livin

2、gstandardsmayimprove.1.Growthalsobringschange.Newproductsareproducedwhileothersbecomeobsolete.TEACHINGTIP:Aterrificexampleisthepersonalcomputerindustry.TodayexternaldataismainlystoredonCDsandflashmemorysticks.Notsolongagothe3-1/2-inchdiskwasstandard.Beforethat5-1/4-inchdiskswereus

3、ed.Evenearlier8-inchfloppydisksweretheonlythingavailable.Todaydatastoredonan8-inchfloppyisvirtuallyunreadable.Whenaproductbecomesobsolete,itmayhaveimportantimplicationsforthefuture.2.TheissueiswhethergrowthinrealGDPpercapitaoffsetsthevariousnegativeexternalitiesitcreates(crime,pollu

4、tion,congestion,andsoon).II.TheGrowthProcess:FromAgriculturetoIndustryA.ASimpleEconomy1.InChapter2ColleenandBillwerestrandedonadesertedisland.TheirGDPwaswhateverthetwoofthemcouldproduce(mainlyfoodandshelter).2.Overtimethetwoaccumulatedcapital.Clearingland,makingtools,improvingtheirdw

5、elling,andsoon.3.Theyaccumulatedbothphysicalcapitalandhumancapital.4.ButatanytimetheyarestillconstrainedbythePPF.Fig.18.1[30.1]showshowtheirPPFshiftsovertime.171172PrinciplesofMacroeconomicsB.FromAgriculturetoIndustry:TheIndustrialRevolution1.BeforetheIndustrialRevolutioneverysociety

6、intheworldwasagrarian.Peoplemainlylivedinsmallvillages.2.Technicalchange,innovation,andcapitalproductionincreasedproductivity.Initiallytheseimprovementsinfluencedagricultureandtextiles.a.Itwasnolongerpossibletomakealivingasapeasantfarmer.Improvementsinagriculturalproductioncreatedeco

7、nomiesofscale.Theefficientfarmbecamelarger.b.Citiesgrewasworkersmovedtoareasnearthesitesofthenewtextilemills.Thiswastheonlyrealalternativeavailabletothosewhocouldnolongermakealivinginagriculture.C.GrowthinanIndustrialSociety1.Economicgrowthinmodernindustrialsocietiesfollowsmuchthesam

8、epattern.2.E