宏观经济学原理教辅 (5).pdf

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1、5(17)IntroductiontoMacroeconomicsOUTLINEOFTEXTMATERIALI.IntroductionA.Microeconomicsstudiesthebehavioroffirms,households,individuals,andothersegmentsofsocieties.Macroeconomicsfocusesonthedeterminantsoftotalnationaloutput.1.Macroeconomicsisconcernedwithaggregates,orsums.Forexample,aggre

2、gatebehavioristhebehaviorofallhouseholdsandfirmstogether.GDPisanaggregate.Soisnationalincome.2.Macroeconomicsisalsoconcernedwithaveragessuchastheaveragepricelevel,theunemploymentrate,and“the”interestrate.B.Macroeconomistsobservethatimportantpricesintheeconomyoftenare“stickydownward”;th

3、atis,thepricedoesnotseemtoalwaysadjustrapidlytomaintainequilibriumintheparticularmarket.1.Therealwagerateisthemostnotoriousexampleofthis.Whenthereisexcesssupplyinthelabormarket,therealwagefallsveryslowly.However,therealwageisonly“stickydownward.”Realwagesriserapidlywhenthereisexcessdem

4、andforlabor.2.Othermarketsmayalsoexhibitstickypricescausedbylong-termcontractsorotherinstitutionalarrangements.C.Sinceabout1970muchworkinmacroeconomicshasbeenconcernedwithunderstandingthemicroeconomicbehaviorthatcausesmacroeconomiceffects.1.Thisisreferredtoasthemicroeconomicfoundations

5、ofmacroeconomics.2.Forexample,laboreconomistshavedevelopedthesearchtheoryofunemploymentandotherinformation-relatedtheoriestoexplainstickywages.II.TheRootsofMacroeconomics3536PrinciplesofMacroeconomicsA.TheGreatDepressionofthe1930sspurredagreatdealofthinkingaboutmacroeconomicissues.T

6、EACHINGTIP:Studentsmayhaveageneralideaofwhathappenedinthe1930sbutnotmuchinthewayoffacts.ItmightbeagoodideatolookaheadtoFigure5.4[17.4]togivethemsomesenseastohowbadthingswere.Pointoutthatwhentheunemploymentratereached10%in1983itwasviewedasacrisis.Contrastthatwith25%unemploymentin1933.1

7、.Before1930therewasnosuchfieldasmacroeconomics.Abouttheonlymacroeconomicissueeconomistswereconcernedwithwastheinterestrate(IrvingFisher).2.ClassicalormarketclearingmodelswerethemodelsappliedbyeconomiststoeconomywideproblemsbeforetheGreatDepression.Classicaleconomistsbelievedthatreces