宏观经济学原理教辅 (3).pdf

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1、3Demand,Supply,andMarketEquilibriumOUTLINEOFTEXTMATERIALI.IntroductionThischapterandthenextdiscusshowmarketswork.Takentogethertheyexplainhowindividualandhouseholddecisionsaboutdemandandfirms’decisionsaboutsupplyinteract.AsAdamSmithpointedout,coordinationhap

2、penswithoutanycentralplanningordirection.Marketsandpricesanswerthethreebasicquestionsofwhattoproduce,howtoproduce,andwhowillgetwhatisproduced.II.FirmsandHouseholds:TheBasicDecision-MakingUnitsA.Thetwofundamentaldecision-makingunitsintheeconomyarefirmsandhou

3、seholds.B.Householdsaretheconsumingunitsinaneconomy.Theirdecisionsarebasedontheirtastesandpreferencesandareconstrainedbytheirlimitedincomes.C.Firmsaretheproducingunitsintheeconomy.1.Afirmexistswhenapersonorgroupofpeopledecidestoproducesomething.2.Firmstrans

4、forminputsintooutputs(goodsand/orservices).3.Firmscanbelargeorsmallorin-between.4.Mostfirmsexisttomakeaprofitfortheirowners.D.Anentrepreneurisonewhoorganizes,manages,andassumestherisksofafirm.TOPICFORCLASSDISCUSSION:Canstudentsnamesomeentrepreneurs?Cantheyi

5、dentifytherisksreferredtointhepreviousdescription?TOPICFORCLASSDISCUSSION:Whattypesoffirmsexistnearyourcampus?Forexample,outsidethegatesofmycollegeisasmallpizzashopandaMcDonald’s.Whoaretheentrepreneursineachfirm?1718PrinciplesofMacroeconomicsIII.InputMark

6、etsandOutputMarkets:TheCircularFlowA.Householdsandfirmsinteractinbothinputandoutputmarkets.1.Toproducegoodsandservicesfirmsmustbuyresourcesininputmarkets,themarketsinwhichresourcesareexchanged.Firmsbuyorrenttheseinputsfromhouseholdswhoownthem.Theseresources

7、areusedtoproduceoutputwhichissoldinoutputorproductmarkets.TEACHINGTIP:Studentsoftenhavedifficultybelievingthathouseholdsownallthefactorsofproduction.Afterall,theydon’tpersonallyownanylandorcapital.Pointouttheimportantroleofindirectownership.Manyhousehold

8、sownpartsoflargecorporationsthroughtheirpensionfunds,retirementaccounts,orotherinstruments.2.Mosthouseholdsearnmuchoftheirincomebysupplyinglaborinthelabormarket.Theymayalsoearninterestorotherreturnsby