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1、Grammarparenthesisanddirectandindirectspeechparenthesis/插入语inEnglishsentences,somewords,phrases,orshortsentencescanbeputintoexpresshtespeakerorwriter'sattitude,opinion,explanation,orcomment.Suchexpressionsarecalledparentheses,whichcanbeputatthebeginning,inthemiddleorattheendofthese
2、ntence,separatedfromthemainclausebycomma.Parenthesescanbe:shortaffirmatives,asstructures,non-finitephrases,prepositionalphrases,adjectivephrases,adverbialphrases,etc.1.shortaffirmativesentencesonesubjectandaverbstruturewithoneortwooratmostthreewords:I/youknow,Ipresume,sheasks,Ithin
3、k,Iwonder,Iadmit,Ihope,Ibelieve,Iamafraid,yousee,astudyshows,itisunderstood,itisneedlesstosay,itistrue,thatis,itseems,itwashoped,theyclaim,theysay,what’smore.2.asstructureAstheBibletellsus,worryingaboutmoneywon’tdousanygood.正如圣经告诫我们的那样，为金钱担忧对我们没有任何好处。“Merry”,asyoumayknow,hastwomean
4、ings:happyanddrunk.你可能知道“Merry”有两层意思：快乐和醉酒。Iscollegenotpreparingusforreallife,asNeusnerputsit?大学难道真的像诺伊斯那所说的那样没有让我们为现实生活做准备吗？用作插入语的as从句结构还有：asyouknow,asyouhaveheard,asyousay,asIseeit,asitappearstome,asitis,asthisisthecase,asthingsare,asthenameindicates,asisgenerallyknown,as(it)ofte
5、nhappens,as(it)waspointedout等。3.non-finitephrasesthelogicalsubjectofthiskindofphrasesisthespeakerorwriter:infinitivephrases:tobefrank,toputitbriefly,tobesure,totellyouthetruth,tobehonest,tobesure,tobeginwith,tosumup,toputitanotherway,sotospeak,nottospeakof,letalone,nottosay/mention
6、.participlephrases：considering,speaking/talkingof,regarding/respecting,concerning,comingto,judgingfrom/by,granting/admittingthat,supposing/supposethat,generallyspeaking,strictlyspeaking,puttingthisandthattogether,provided(providing)that,seeingthat,including,accordingto,consideringt
7、hecircumstances.4.prepositionalphrase：ofcourse,bytheway,infact,inshort,inmyopinion,inotherwords,ingeneral,bymyestimate,inafewwords,toone’ssurprise,toone’samazement,toone’sregret.5.adjectivepharses:worststill,strangeenough,leastpossible,curiousenough,mostimportant.6.adverbialphrases
8、：oddlyenough,seriously,cer
