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1、《AncientLaw》AncientLaw
byHenryMaine
Chapter2
LegalFictions
WhenprimitivelawhasoncebeenembodiedinaCode,thereis
anendtowhatmaybecalleditsspontaneousdevelopment.
Henceforwardthechangeseffectedinit,ifeffectedatall,are
effecteddeliberatelyandfromwithout.Itisimpossibleto
supposethatth
2、ecustomsofanyraceortriberemainedunaltered
duringthewholeofthelong--insomeinstancestheimmense--
intervalbetweentheirdeclarationbyapatriarchalmonarchand
theirpublicationinwriting.Itwouldbeunsafetootoaffirm
thatnopartofthealterationwaseffecteddeliberately.But
fromthelittleweknowofthepr
3、ogressoflawduringthis
period,wearejustifiedinassumingthatsetpurposehadthe
verysmallestshareinproducingchange.Suchinnovationsonthe
24用心爱心专心earliestusagesasdisclosethemselvesappeartohavebeen
dictatedbyfeelingsandmodesofthoughtwhich,underour
presentmentalconditions,weareunabletocompreh
4、end.Anewera
begins,however,withtheCodes.Wherever,afterthisepoch,we
tracethecourseoflegalmodificationweareabletoattribute
ittotheconsciousdesireofimprovement,oratalleventsof
compassingobjectsotherthanthosewhichwereaimedatinthe
primitivetimes.
Itmayseematfirstsightthatnogeneralproposi
5、tionsworth
trustingcanbeelicitedfromthehistoryoflegalsystems
subsequenttothecodes.Thefieldistoovast.Wecannotbesure
thatwehaveincludedasufficientnumberofphenomenainour
observations,orthatweaccuratelyunderstandthosewhichwe
haveobserved.Buttheundertakingwillbeseentobemore
feasible,ifwe
6、considerthataftertheepochofcodesthe
distinctionbetweenstationaryandprogressivesocietiesbegins
tomakeitselffelt.Itisonlywiththeprogressivethatweare
concerned,andnothingismoreremarkablethantheirextreme
fewness.Inspiteofoverwhelmingevidence,itismostdifficult
foracitizenofwesternEuropet
7、obringthoroughlyhometo
himselfthetruththatthecivilisationwhichsurroundshimisa
rareexceptioninthehistoryoftheworld.Thetoneofthought
24用心爱心专心commonamongus,allourhopes,fears,andspeculations,wouldbe
materiallyaffected,ifwehadvividlybeforeustherelationof
theprogressiveracestothetotalityo
8、fhumanlife.Itis
ind
