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1、《AncientLaw》AncientLawbyHenryMaine1861PrefaceThechiefobjectofthefollowingpagesistoindicatesomeoftheearliestideasofmankind,astheyarereflectedinAncientLaw,andtopointouttherelationofthoseideastomodernthought.Muchoftheinquiryattemptedcouldnothavebeenprosecutedwiththeslighte
2、sthopeofausefulresultiftherehadnotexistedabodyoflaw,likethatoftheRomans,bearinginitsearliestportionsthetracesofthemostremoteantiquityandsupplyingfromitslaterrulesthestapleofthecivilinstitutionsbywhichmodernsocietyisevennowcontrolled.ThenecessityoftakingtheRomanlawasatyp
3、icalsystemhascompelledtheauthortodrawfromitwhatmayappearadisproportionatenumberofhisillustrations;butithasnotbeenhisintentiontowriteatreatiseonRomanjurisprudence,andhehasasmuchaspossibleavoidedalldiscussionswhichmightgivethatappearancetohiswork.Thespaceallottedinthethir
4、dandfourthchaptertocertainphilosophicaltheoriesoftheRomanJurisconsultshasbeenappropriatedtothemfortworeasons.Inthefirstplace,thosetheoriesappeartotheauthortohavehadawiderandmorepermanentinfluenceonthethoughtandactionoftheworldthanisusuallysupposed.Secondly,theyarebeliev
5、edtobetheultimatesourceofmostoftheviewswhichhavebeenprevalent,tillquiterecently,onthesubjectstreatedofinthisvolume.Itwasimpossiblefortheauthortoproceedfarwithhisundertakingwithoutstatinghisopinionontheorigin,meaning,andvalueofthosespeculations.H.S.M.London,January,1861.
6、12用心爱心专心Chapter1AncientCodesThemostcelebratedsystemofjurisprudenceknowntotheworldbegins,asitends,withaCode.Fromthecommencementtothecloseofitshistory,theexpositorsofRomanLawconsistentlyemployedlanguagewhichimpliedthatthebodyoftheirsystemrestedontheTwelveDecemviralTables,
7、andthereforeonabasisofwrittenlaw.Exceptinoneparticular,noinstitutionsanteriortotheTwelveTableswererecognisedatRome.ThetheoreticaldescentofRomanjurisprudencefromacode,thetheoreticalascriptionofEnglishlawtoimmemorialunwrittentradition,werethechiefreasonswhythedevelopmento
8、ftheirsystemdifferedfromthedevelopmentofours.Neithertheorycorrespondedexactlywiththefacts,buteachproducedconse
