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1、CHAPTERII.OFVALUE.1.--OppositionofvalueinUSEandvalueinEXCHANGE.Valueisthecorner-stoneoftheeconomicedifice.Thedivineartistwhohasintrusteduswiththecontinuationofhisworkhasexplainedhimselfonthispointtonoone;butthefewindicationsgivenmayserveasabasisofconj
2、ecture.Value,infact,presentstwofaces:one,whichtheeconomistscallvalueinuse,orintrinsicvalue;another,valueinexchange,orofopinion.Theeffectswhichareproducedbyvalueunderthisdoubleaspect,andwhichareveryirregularsolongasitisnotestablished,--or,touseamorephi
3、losophicalexpression,solongasitisnotconstituted,-arechangedtotallybythisconstitution.Now,inwhatconsiststhecorrelationbetweenusefulvalueandvalueinexchange?Whatismeantbyconstitutedvalue,andbywhatsuddenchangeisthisconstitutioneffected?Toanswerthesequesti
4、onsistheobjectandendofpoliticaleconomy.Ibegthereadertogivehiswholeattentiontowhatistofollow,thischapterbeingtheonlyoneintheworkwhichwilltaxhispatience.Formypart,Iwillendeavortobemoreandmoresimpleandclear.Everythingwhichcanbeofanyservicetomeisofvalueto
5、me,andthemoreabundanttheusefulthingisthericherIam:sofarthereisnodifficulty.Milkandflesh,fruitsandgrains,wool,sugar,cotton,wine,metals,marble;infact,land,water,air,fire,andsunlight,--are,relativelytome,valuesofuse,valuesbynatureandfunction.Ifallthethin
6、gswhichservetosustainmylifewereasabundantascertainofthemare,lightforinstance,--inotherwords,ifthequantityofeveryvaluablethingwasinexhaustible,--mywelfarewouldbeforeverassured:Ishouldnothavetolabor;Ishouldnoteventhink.Insuchastate,thingswouldalwaysbeus
7、eful,butitwouldbenolongertruetosaythattheyAREVALUABLE;forvalue,asweshallsoonsee,indicatesanessentiallysocialrelation;anditissolelythroughexchange,revertingasitwerefromsocietytoNature,thatwehaveacquiredtheideaofutility.Thewholedevelopmentofcivilization
8、originates,then,inthenecessitywhichthehumanraceisunderofcontinuallycausingthecreationofnewvalues;justastheevilsofsocietyareprimarilycausedbytheperpetualstrugglewhichwemaintainagainstourowninertia.Takeawayfrommanthatdesirewhichleadshimtothinkan
