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1、BOOKVIIOFCRIMESANDPUNISHMENTSCHAPTERILIMITATIONSOFTHEDOCTRINEOFPUNISHMENTWHICHRESULTFROMTHEPRINCIPLESOFMORALITYThesubjectofpunishmentisperhapsthemostfundamentalinthescienceofpolitics.Menassociatedforthesakeofmutualprotectionandbenefit.Ithasalreadyappearedthattheinternalaffairsofsucha
2、ssociationsareofaninexpressiblyhigherimportancethantheirexternal.(1*)Ithasappearedthattheactionofsociety,inconferringrewards,andsuperintendingopinion,isofperniciouseffect.(2*)Henceitfollowsthatgovernment,ortheactionofsocietyinitscorporatecapacity,canscarcelybeofanyutilityexceptsofara
3、sitisrequisiteforthesuppressionofforcebyforce;forthepreventionofthehostileattackofonememberofthesociety,uponthepersonorpropertyofanother,whichpreventionisusuallycalledbythenameofcriminaljustice,orpunishment.Beforewecanproperlyjudgeofthenecessityorurgencyofthisactionofgovernment,itwil
4、lbeofsomeimportancetoconsiderthepreciseimportofthewordpunishment.Imayemployforcetocounteractthehostilitythatisactuallycommittingonme.ImayemployforcetocompelanymemberofthesocietytooccupythepostthatIconceivemostconducivetothegeneraladvantage,eitherinthemodeofimpressingsoldiersandsailor
5、s,orbyobligingamilitaryofficer,oraministerofstate,toaccept,orretainhisappointment.Imayputavaluablemantodeathforthecommongood,eitherbecauseheisinfectedwithapestilentialdisease,orbecausesomeoraclehasdeclareditessentialtothepublicsafety.Noneofthese,thoughtheyconsistinexertionofforcefors
6、omemoralpurpose,comeswithintheimportofthewordpunishment.Punishmentisalsooftenusedtosignifythevoluntaryinflictionofeviluponaviciousbeing,notmerelybecausethepublicadvantagedemandsit,butbecausethereisapprehendedtobeacertainfitnessandproprietyinthenatureofthingsthatrendersuffering,abstra
7、ctedlyfromthebenefittoresult,thesuitableconcomitantofvice.Thejusticeofpunishmenthowever,inthisimportoftheword,canonlybeadeductionfromthehypothesisoffreewill,ifindeedthathypothesiswillsufficientlysupportit;andmustbefalse,ifhumanactionsarenecessary.Mind,aswassufficientlyapparentwhenwet
8、reatedofthat
