语言学期末复习.doc

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1、第一章（判）Languageisonlyameansofcommunication.（F）Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence.(F)Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.(F)EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.(F)BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.(F)Thefollowingaresomefundamen

2、talviewsaboutlanguage.判）Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.(T)Languageoperatesbyrules.(T)Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem语音系统,asystemoflexicogrammar词汇语法andasystemofsemantics语意学.(T)Everyonespeaksadial

3、ect.(T)Languageslowlychanges.(T)Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons行话.(T)Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.(T)Writingisderivative来源的ofspeech.(T)Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.分析）P3)itisinstr

4、umentalinthatcommunicationbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonver

5、balcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.DesignfeaturesoflanguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatures.(1)Arbitrariness任意性分析，以下三点瑞士Saussure（现代语言学之父）:theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(定义)(1)Arbitr

6、aryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorpheme词素anditsmeaning,evenwithonomatopoeic拟声的words:ThedogbarksbowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChinese.2）Arbitrarinessatthesyntactic句法的level:languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.（判）Bysyntaxthatsentencesareconstructedtotheg

7、rammarofarrangement3）Arbitrarinessandconvention.Conventionality规约性Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.Conventionality,aslearnersofEnglishweareoftentold“thisisanidiom”—meaningitisconventionaltosaythingsthiswayandyoucannotchange

8、theexpressionanyotherwayevenifyouthinkitdoesnotlookorsoundlogical.(2)Duality双重性定义/单Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel(3)Creativit