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1、KeyTerms1.Sociolinguistics:Sociolinguisticsisconcernedwithinvestigatingtherelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsocietywiththegoalbeingabetterunderstandingofthestructureoflanguageandofhowlanguagesfunctionincommunication.Itisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Thati
2、stosay,insociolinguistics,westudylanguageandsocietyinordertofindoutasmuchaswecanaboutwhatkindofthinglanguageis.Coulmasputsitthatsociolinguisticsinvestigates"howsocialstructureinfluencesthewaypeopletalkandhowlanguagevarietiesandpatternsofusecorrelatewithsociala
3、ttributessuchasclass,sex,andage/'Insociolinguistics,westudy,forexample,linguisticvariation,dialects,languageattitudeanditseffectetc.2.1ndepcndentvariable&dependentvariableAnindependentvariableisanactivityorcharacteristicbelievedtomakeadifferencewithrespecttoso
4、mebehavior;adependentvariableisthechangeordifferenceinbehaviorthatoccursasaresultoftheindependentvariable.Forexample,inLaborsstudyof/r/,thesocialstatusofthepeopleisanindependentvariableandthepronunciationof/r/isthedependentvariableasaresultofthechangeofthesoci
5、alstatus.3.VarietyVarietyreferstoasetoflinguisticitemsorhumanspeechpatterns(sounds,words,grammaticalfeatures),whichcanbeuniquelyassociatedwithsomeexternalfactor(e.g・ageographicalareaorasocialgroup).Forexample,BlackEnglishisavarietyofEnglishrelatedwiththeracial
6、groupandBeijingdialectisalsoavarietyofChineseMandarinrelatedwiththegeographicalarea.4.LanguageanddialectLanguagereferseithertoasinglelinguisticnormortoagroupofrelatednormswhiledialectreferstooneofthenorms.Forexample,inBritain,theBritishspeaktheEnglishlanguagea
7、ndtherearedialectssuchasYorkshiredialectetc.5.StyleandregisterStylereferstodifferencesinspeechorwritingintermsofdegreeofformality.Itisusuallyassociatedwithvariationsinsituation,topic,addressee,andlocation.Forexample,ourtalkismuchmoreformalinapublicspeechandles
8、sinformalindailyconversation.Similarlywewouldtalkmorerespectfullywithaninterviewerandlesssowithclassmatesorfamilymembers.Registerreferstodifferencesinspeechorwritingintermsofvocabu
