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1、ChapterFourWordFormationTheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonwordformation.Thereisavarietyofmeansbeingatworknow.Themostproductiveareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.Talkingaboutword-formingpatternsmeansdealingwithrules.Butaruleofwordformationusuallydiffersfrom
2、asyntacticruleinthatitisoflimitedproductivity.Thatis,notallwordswhichareproducedbyapplyingtheruleareacceptable.Theacceptabilityisgainedonlywhenthewordshavegainedaninstitutionalcurrencyinthelanguage.4.1AffixationAffixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingo
3、rderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,bywhichnewwordsarederivedfromoldorbaseforms.Thewordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixationandsuffixation.1.PrefixationPrefixation
4、istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestobases.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebasebutonlymodifyitsmeaning.NegativePrefixesa-meaning‘not,without,oppositeto’dis-meaning‘not,theconverseof’in-(il-,ir-,im-)sameinmeaningasfordis-non-meaning‘not’,aproductiveaffixexpressin
5、gtheideathatapersonorthingdoesnothavethequalitiesorcharacteristicsreferredtoun-sameinmeaningasfordis-Ofthisgroup,un-isbyfarthemostproductiveandcanusuallyreplacein-ordis-withadjectives.Thedifferenceliesinthefactthatwordswithun-aresemanticallymoreabsoluteandmoreliterallyrelatedtothe
6、basethanthosewithin-.2)ReversativeorPrivativePrefixesde-meaning‘reversingtheaction,deprivingof’,aproductiveaffixdis-meaning‘reversingtheaction’,withverbs;alsomeaning‘lacking’,withadjectivesun-sameinmeaningasforde-withverbs;butmeaning‘deprivingof,releasingfrom’inlimitedusewithnouns
7、tomakeverbs3)PejorativePrefixesmal-meaning‘badly,bad’addedtoverbs,participles,adjectives,andabstractnounsmis-meaning‘wrongly,astray’,addedtoverbs,participles,andabstractnounspseudo-meaning‘false,imitation’,aproductiveaffixwithnounsandadjectives4)PrefixesofDegreeorSizearch-meaning‘
8、supreme,most’,withhumannounsco-me
