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1、Lexicology魏冕2013.9.10Chapter1BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary1.1WhatIsaWordBoundformandFreeform-esscountess,lioness…-ishboyish,childish,greenish…-shats,books,cups…Afreeformwhichconsistsentirelyoftwoormorelesserfreeforms,asforinstance,poorjohnorjohnranawayoryes,sir,inaphrase,isaw
2、ord.Aword,then,isafreeformwhichdoesnotconsistentirelyof(twoormore)lesserfreeforms;inbrief,awordisaminimumfreeform.”(Bloomfield,1993:177-178)“Fire!”“Help!”“Old.”“Mother.”/the,a,my…1.1WhatIsaWord“Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengramm
3、aticaluse.”——AntonieMeillet1.1WhatIsaWordThedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.1.1WhatIsaWord↓Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntact
4、icfunction.“词，今指语言组织中的基本单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）Theyoungmanleftquietly.1.2SoundandMeaningCertainsoundswillrepresentcertainpersons,things,places,properties,processesandactivitiesoutsidethelanguagesystem.Thissymbolicconnectionisalostalwaysarbitrary,andtherei
5、s‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself’.dog,woman,/mi:t/1.3SoundandFormThewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform.Inotherwords,thesoundshouldbesimilartotheform.Thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,an
6、dinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.spellingdifferencescreatedbytheearlyscribes→printingestablished→borrowingwords.1.4VocabularyNotonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.OldEnglishvocabulary,MiddleEnglishvo
7、cabulary,andModernEnglishvocabularyEnglishvocabularyisoveronemillionwords.1.5ClassificationofWordsbyusefrequency↓basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabularybynotion↓contentwords&functionalwordsbyorigin↓nativewords&borrowedwords1.5.1BasicWordStockandNonbasicVocabularycharacteristicsofthebas
8、icwordstockAllnationalcharacterStability
