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1、ChapterFourWordFormationTheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonwordformation.Thereisavarietyofmeansbeingatworknow.Themostproductiveareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.Talkingaboutword-formingpatternsmeansdealingwithrules.Butaruleofwordformationusuall
2、ydiffersfromasyntacticruleinthatitisoflimitedproductivity.Thatis,notallwordswhichareproducedbyapplyingtheruleareacceptable.Theacceptabilityisgainedonlywhenthewordshavegainedaninstitutionalcurrencyinthelanguage.4.1AffixationAffixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwo
3、rdsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,bywhichnewwordsarederivedfromoldorbaseforms.Thewordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixationand
4、suffixation.1.PrefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestobases.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebasebutonlymodifyitsmeaning.NegativePrefixesa-meaning‘not,without,oppositeto’dis-meaning‘not,theconverseof’in-(il-,ir-,im-)sameinmeaningasf
5、ordis-non-meaning‘not’,aproductiveaffixexpressingtheideathatapersonorthingdoesnothavethequalitiesorcharacteristicsreferredtoun-sameinmeaningasfordis-Ofthisgroup,un-isbyfarthemostproductiveandcanusuallyreplacein-ordis-withadjectives.Thedifferenceliesinthefactthatwordswi
6、thun-aresemanticallymoreabsoluteandmoreliterallyrelatedtothebasethanthosewithin-.2)ReversativeorPrivativePrefixesde-meaning‘reversingtheaction,deprivingof’,aproductiveaffixdis-meaning‘reversingtheaction’,withverbs;alsomeaning‘lacking’,withadjectivesun-sameinmeaningasfo
7、rde-withverbs;butmeaning‘deprivingof,releasingfrom’inlimitedusewithnounstomakeverbs3)PejorativePrefixesmal-meaning‘badly,bad’addedtoverbs,participles,adjectives,andabstractnounsmis-meaning‘wrongly,astray’,addedtoverbs,participles,andabstractnounspseudo-meaning‘false,im
8、itation’,aproductiveaffixwithnounsandadjectives4)PrefixesofDegreeorSizearch-meaning‘supreme,most’,withhumannounsco-me
