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1、ChapterthreeMorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords3.1MorphemesTraditionally,wordsareusuallytreatedasthebasicandminimalunitsofalanguagetomakesentences,whicharecombinationsofwordsaccordingtosyntacticrules.Structurally,however,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywords
2、canbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes(morpheistheGreekwordfor“form”;-emeasin“phoneme”means‘classof’).3.2MorphsandAllomorphsMorphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.‘Theyar
3、eactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning’.Inotherwordsthephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.Mostmorphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphslikebird,tree,green,sad,want,desire,etc..Thesemorphemescoincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythem
4、selvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.Wordsofthiskindarecalledmono-morphemicwords.Somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Anallomorphreferstoanumberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.Justasweclassphonestogetherasallop
5、honesofasinglephoneme,soweclassmorphstogetherasallomorphsofasinglemorpheme.3.3ClassifyingMorphemesMorphemesvaryinfunction.Accordingly,wecanclassifymorphemesintoseveralgeneralcategories:freeversusbound,derivationalversusinflectional,andlexicalversusgrammatical.1.F
6、reeversusBoundMorphemesThesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Theyareidenticalwithwords,forexample,man,earth,wind,carandanger.Morphemeswhichcannotoccurseparatewordsarebound.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothe
7、rmorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords.Freemorphemesareallroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwordslikecollect,ideal,prison,whereasboundmorphemesconsistofeith
8、errootsoraffixes,mostofwhichcanbeusedtocreatenewwordslikere-,-ion,-istandex-.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffix.2.DerivationalversusInflectionalMo
