(康德) Kant -- [1780] [n.d.] -- The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics (trans. Abbott) (copy 4).pdf

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1、1780THEMETAPHYSICALELEMENTSOFETHICSbyImmanuelKanttranslatedbyThomasKingsmillAbbottPREFACEPREFACEIfthereexistsonanysubjectaphilosophy(thatis,asystemofrationalknowledgebasedonconcepts),thentheremustalsobeforthisphilosophyasystemofpurerationalconcepts,independentofa

2、nyconditionofintuition,inotherwords,ametaphysic.Itmaybeaskedwhethermetaphysicalelementsarerequiredalsoforeverypracticalphilosophy,whichisthedoctrineofduties,andthereforealsoforEthics,inordertobeabletopresentitasatruescience(systematically),notmerelyasanaggregateo

3、fseparatedoctrines(fragmentarily).Asregardspurejurisprudence,noonewillquestionthisrequirement;foritconcernsonlywhatisformalintheelectivewill,whichhastobelimitedinitsexternalrelationsaccordingtolawsoffreedom;withoutregardinganyendwhichisthematterofthiswill.Here,th

4、erefore,deontologyisamerescientificdoctrine(doctrinascientiae).**Onewhoisacquaintedwithpracticalphilosophyisnot,therefore,apracticalphilosopher.Thelatterishewhomakestherationalendtheprincipleofhisactions,whileatthesametimehejoinswiththisthenecessaryknowledgewhich

5、,asitaimsataction,mustnotbespunoutintothemostsubtilethreadsofmetaphysic,unlessalegaldutyisinquestion;inwhichcasemeumandtuummustbeaccuratelydeterminedinthebalanceofjustice,ontheprincipleofequalityofactionandaction,whichrequiressomethinglikemathematicalproportion,b

6、utnotinthecaseofamereethicalduty.Forinthiscasethequestionisnotonlytoknowwhatitisadutytodo(athingwhichonaccountoftheendsthatallmennaturallyhavecanbeeasilydecided),butthechiefpointistheinnerprincipleofthewillnamelythattheconsciousnessofthisdutybealsothespringofacti

7、on,inorderthatwemaybeabletosayofthemanwhojoinstohisknowledgethisprincipleofwisdomthatheisapracticalphilosopher.Nowinthisphilosophy(ofethics)itseemscontrarytotheideaofitthatweshouldgobacktometaphysicalelementsinordertomakethenotionofdutypurifiedfromeverythingempir

8、ical(fromeveryfeeling)amotiveofaction.Forwhatsortofnotioncanweformofthemightypowerandherculeanstrengthwhichwouldbesufficienttoovercomethevice-breedinginclinati