(康德) Kant - [1785] 2008 - Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (trans. Jonathan Bennett).pdf

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1、GroundworkfortheMetaphysicofMoralsImmanuelKantCopyright©JonathanBennett[Brackets]encloseeditorialexplanations.Small·dots·enclosematerialthathasbeenadded,butcanbereadasthoughitwerepartoftheoriginaltext.Occasional•bullets,andalsoindentingofpassagesthatarenotquotations,aremeanta

2、saidstograspingthestructureofasentenceorathought.Everyfour-pointellipsis....indicatestheomissionofabriefpassagethatseemstopresentmoredifficultythanitisworth.Inthetitle,‘Groundwork’refersnottothefoundationthatislaidbuttotheworkoflayingit.Firstlaunched:July2005Lastamended:Septem

3、ber2008ContentsPreface1Chapter1:Movingfromcommon-senseknowledgetophilosophicalknowledgeaboutmorality5Chapter2:Movingfrompopularmoralphilosophytothemetaphysicofmorals14Chapter3:Movingfromthemetaphysicofmoralstothecritiqueofpurepracticalreason41GroundworkImmanuelKantPrefacePref

4、acetheotherhand,caneachhaveanempiricalpart;indeed,theymustdosobecauseeachmustdiscoverthelaws·forAncientGreekphilosophywasdividedintothreebranchesitsdomain·.For•theformer,thesearethelawsofnatureofknowledge:•naturalscience,•ethics,and•logic.Thisconsideredassomethingknownthrough

5、experience;andforclassificationperfectlyfitswhatitismeanttofit;theonlyim-•thelatter,theyarethelawsofthehumanwillsofarasitprovementitneedsisthesupplyingoftheprincipleonwhichisaffectedbynature.·Thetwosetsoflawsareneverthelessitisbased;thatwillletusbesurethattheclassificationverydif

6、ferentfromoneanother·.Thelawsofnaturearedoescoveralltheground,andwillenableustodefinethelawsaccordingtowhicheverythingdoeshappen;thelawsnecessarysubdivisions·ofthethreebroadkindsofknowl-ofmoralityarelawsaccordingtowhicheverythingoughttoedge·.[Kant,followingtheGreek,callsthetri

7、oPhysik,EthikandLogik.happen;theyallowforconditionsunderwhichwhatoughtOurword‘physics’ismuchtoonarrowforPhysik,whichiswhy‘naturaltohappendoesn’thappen.science’ispreferredhere.Whatislostisthesurfaceneatnessofthe•Empiricalphilosophyisphilosophythatisbasedonex-GreekandGermantrio

8、,andofthecontrastbetweennaturalscienceandperience.•Purephilosophyisp