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1、衔接“衔接”这一概念是Halliday于1962年首次提出的。后来在他与Hasan合著的CohesioninEnglish一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的意义关系。他们认为，衔接是产生语篇的必要的条件在他们看来，有了衔接不一定产生语篇，但是如果没有衔接则一定不会产生语篇。他们系统地将衔接分为五大类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexicalcohesion）。其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类属于词汇衔
2、接手段。语法衔接1.指代referencepersonalreferencedemonstrativereferencecomparativereferencesPersonalreferencePersonalreferenceisreferencebymeansoffunctioninsituation.Thefollowingarepersonalreferences:Masculine:he/him,hisFeminine:she/her,hersNeuter:it/itsGeneralizedhuman:they/them/th
3、eirs/theirExamples(1)A:Howoldisyourson?B:Heisseven.(2)A:Howoldisyourson?B:Sheisplayinginthegarden.(3)A:ClaireandKentclimbedMt.McKinleylastsummer.B:Shephotographedthepeak,andhesurveyedit.DemonstrativereferenceDemonstrativereferenceisareferencebymeansoflocation.E.g.Leavetha
4、tthereandcomehere.Thesearemyfavoritesandthosearemyfavoritestoo.ComparativereferencesComparativereferencesisreferencebymeansofcomparison.Thefollowingarecomparativereferences:as,such,so,likewise,similarly,otherwise,else,differently,bigger,more,less,better…ExamplesChildA:The
5、catrunsrealfast.ChildB:No,thelionrunsmuchfaster.ChildA:Thecatisfaster,theliondoesn’tevenrun.ChildB:No,thelionisthefastest.Mydadsaidthis.Thisisthecaseofcomparativereference.2.替代substitutionThisbiscuitsarestale.Getsomefreshones.(名词性替代）“ifyouhaveseenthemsooften,ofcourseyoukn
6、owwhatthey’relike.”“Ibelieveso,”Alicerepliedthoughtfully.（分句性替代）3.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)“howmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons?saidAlice.”Ididthattenhoursthefirstday,”saidTom.（分句性省略）逻辑衔接4.连接conjunctionA.通过标点符号衔接Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.(JuliusCeaser)Thesunisgrowingwarm,frogs
7、arewakinginthemarshes,plantingtimewillbesoonhere.B.通过连接词衔接词汇衔接lexis（1）重复(repetition)重复主要指语篇中单词和词组的重复，词汇重复的使用可以使语篇连贯，给读者留下深刻的印象，从而达到突出主题的目的。如：Iwantawifewhowilltakecareofmyphysicalneeds,Iwantawifewhowillkeepmyhouseclean,awifewhowillpickupafterme,Iwantawifewhowillkeepmycloth
8、esclean,ironed,mended,replacedwhenneedtobe…Iwantawifewhowillplanthemenus…Iwantawifewhowillcarefo
