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1、EVOLUTIONOFELECTRICPOWERSYSTEMSThecommercialuseofelectricitybeganinthelate1870swhenarclampswereusedforlighthouseilluminationandstreetlighting.Thefirstcompleteelectricpowersystem(comprisingagenerator,cable,fuse,meter,andloads)wasbuiltbyThomasEdison-thehi
2、storicPearlStreetStationinNewYorkCitywhichbeganoperationinSeptember1882.Thiswasadcsystemconsistingofasteam-engine-drivendcgeneratorsupplyingpowerto59customerswithinanarearoughly1.5kminradios.Theload,whichconsistedentirelyofincandescentlamps,wassupplieda
3、t110Vthroughanundergroundcablesystem.Withinafewyearssimilarsystemswereinoperationinmostlargecitiesthroughouttheworld.WiththedevelopmentofmotorsbyFrankSpraguein1884,motorloadswereaddedtosuchsystems.Thiswasthebeginningofwhatwoulddevelopintooneofthelargest
4、industriesintheworld.Inspiteoftheinitialwidespreaduseofdcsystems,theywerealmostcompletelysupersededbyacsystems.By1886,thelimitationsofdcsystemswerebecomingincreasinglyapparent.Theycoulddeliverpoweronlyashortdistancefromthegenerators.Tokeeptransmissionpo
5、werlosers(RI2)andvoltagedropstoacceptablelevels,voltagelevelshadtobehighforlong-distancepowertransmission.Suchhighvoltageswerenotacceptableforgenerationandconsumptionofpower;therefore,aconvenientmeansforvoltagetransformationbecameanecessity.Thedevelopme
6、ntofthetransformationandactransmissionbyL.GaulardandJ.D.GibbsofParis,France,ledtoacelectricpowersystems.GeorgeWestinghousesecuredrightstothesedevelopmentsintheUnitedStates.In1886,WilliamStanley,anassociateofWestinghouse,developedandtestedacommerciallypr
7、acticaltransformerandacdistributionsystemfor150lampsatGreatBarrington,Massachusetts.In1889,thefirstactransmissionlineinNorthAmericawasputintooperationinOregonbetweenWillametteFallsandPortland.Itwasasingle-phaselinetransmittingpowerat4,000Voveradistanceo
8、f21km.WiththedevelopmentofpolyphasesystemsbyNikolasTesla,theacsystembecameevenmoreattractive.By1888,Teslaheldseveralpatentsonacmotors,generators,transformers,andtransmissionsystems.Westinghouseboughtthepatentstotheseearlyinventio
