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1、CooperativePrinciplesandTVseriesOutlinePartone:HerbertPaulGriceParttwo:CooperativePrinciplePartthree:TVseries(theWalkingDeadS05E08)HerbertPaulGrice(1913-1988)1.aBritish philosopheroflanguage2.LogicandConversationin19753.Histheoryofimplicatureisoneofthemostimportantandinfluentialcontributionstocont
2、emporarypragmatics.CooperativePrincipleMakeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.(H.P.Grice,LogicandConversation,1975)Quality1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.不要说自知是虚假的话。2.Donotsaythatforwhichyo
3、ulackadequateevidence.不要说缺乏足够证据的话。Example“Oh,haveyouhadacold?”(someoneclearlycaughtabadlycold.Whenyousaythis,youdon’tfollowthequalitymaxim.)QuantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange)使你的话语如（交谈的当前目的）所要求的那样信息充分。2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativetha
4、nisrequired.要使你的话语比所要求的信息更充分。ExampleJane:whendidyougraduatefromcollege?John:manyyearsago.(Johnmustknowthetimewhenhegraduatedfromcollege,buthedidnotsayit.Here,Johnisbeingunderinformative.)RelevanceMakesurethatwhateveryousayisrelevanttotheconversationathand.(确保你说的任何话都与谈话主题相关)ExampleJane:Let‘sgotowat
5、chthemovieFast&Furious7tonight.John:Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.(Obviously,John'sresponsehasnoconnectionwithJane'srequest.Thelackofrelevanceisattheliterallevel,infact,atandeeplevel,JohndoesgiveJaneasufficientreplay.)MannerBeclearandlucid:Avoidobscurityofexpression.避免含混不清;2.Avoidambiguity.避免歧义3.Bebrief
6、.要简短（避免冗长）4.Beorderly.要有序Example(1)Openthedoor.(2)Walkuptothedoor,putthekeyintothelock,turnthekeyclockwisetwiceandpush.(Comparedthefirstone,thesecondissurelylong,unusualwayofgivingthecommand.)Floutingofthemaxims1.byviolation(说话人可以悄悄地、不加声张地违反一条准则,自己明明知道是不真实的话,)(e.g.:totelllies.)Note:Grice:“quietly”
7、violatingamaxim-theseviolationsmighthampercommunicationbuttheydonotleadtoimplicatures.2.byoptingout(说话人宣布不遵守合作原则以及有关准则)(saying“Idon’twanttotalkaboutit”)note:这种违反准则的情况不会产生会话含义，只是表明听话人不愿继续进行交际而已.3.byfulfillingoneat
