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1、Chapter1LiteratureReviewWiththedevelopmentofInternetandthetrendofglobalization,therelationshipamongcountriesbecomescloser.However,influencedbythedifferentareas,culturesandcustoms,pragmaticfailuresalwayswillhappenwhichwillresulttothecommunicationbreakdown.Nomatterhowlongthelearnershavestudi
2、edlanguage,mistakeswillstillexistintheircommunication.Besides,pragmaticfailurehasbeenoneofimportantaspectswhichbringaboutthefailureofcross-culturecommunication.1.1DefinitionofPragmaticFailureItisgenerallyknownthatastothepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsuselanguagewithdifferentrules,th
3、erewillbestillexistingculturaldifferencewhichwillaffectcommunication,arisinginformationerrorandinformationobstacle.Thatiscalledpragmaticfailure・Thiskindofpragmaticfailuredoesnotmeangrammarmistake,butmeanstheimproperoftalkingmanne匚Itsconsequenceismuchseriousthanthatcausedbygrammarmistake.Th
4、erefore,howtotunnelandappropriateuselanguageincross-culture,notonlyisequallyimportanttothathowtocorrectlyuselanguage,butalsoisapartofinterculturalcommunicationcompetence.TheconceptofpragmaticfailureisfirstputforwardbythefamousBritishlinguistJennyThomas(1983:91)inhercross-culturalpragmaticf
5、ailureinAppliedLinguisticstorefertotheinabilitytounderstandwhatismeantbywhatissaid.Sheinsistthatintheinter-culturalcommunication,whenthehearercannotunderstandthesemanticmeaningifwhatthespeakersaysorgivesaninappropriateresponsetowhatthespeakermeans,thisleadstocommunicationfailure,whichisref
6、erredtoaspragmaticfailure(ibid:123-135).Thomaspointsout,"Aspeakerwhoisnotoperatingaccordingtothestandardgrammaticalcodeisatworstcondemnedas'speakingbadlywhilethepersonwhooperatesaccordingtodifferentformulatedpragmaticprinciples,maywellbecensuredas"behavingbadly9asbeinganuntruthful,deceitf
7、ul,orinsincereperson/9Also,wecanconsiderpragmaticfailureisthatincross-culturalcommunication,peoplewithdifferentculturalbackgroundmayfailtounderstandeachother.Thiskindofmistakeorfailure,differentfromlinguisticproblems,ismuchmorecomplicated.1.2CharacteristicsofP
