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1、Justice06MindYourMotive/TheSupremePrincipleofMoralityNowweturnNowweturntothehardestphilosopherwe'regoingtoreadinthiscourse.TodayweturntoImmanuelKantwhooffersadifferentaccountofwhywehaveacategoricaldutytorespectthedignityofpersonsandnottousepeopleasmeansmerelyevenfor
2、goodends.KantexcelledattheUniversityofKonigsbergattheageof16.Atageof31,hegothisfirstjobasanunsalariedlecturerpaidoncommissionbasedonthenumberofstudentswhoshowedupathislectures.ThisisasensiblesystemthatHarvardwoulddowelltoconsider.LuckilyforKant,hewasapopularlecturer
3、andalsoanindustriousoneandsoheekedoutameagerliving.Itwasn'tuntilhewas57thathepublishedhisfirstmajorwork.But,itwasworththewait,thebookwasthe"CritiqueofPureReason"perhapsthemostimportantworkinallofmodernphilosophy.Andafewyearslater,Kantwrotethegroundworkfor"Metaphysic
4、sofMorals"whichwereadinthiscourse.IwanttoacknowledgeevenbeforewestartthatKantisadifficultthinkerbutit'simportanttotrytofigurewhathe'ssayingbecausewhatthisbookisaboutiswhatthesupremeprincipleofmoralityis,numberone,anditalsogivesusanaccount®Coneofthemostpowerfulaccoun
5、tswehave®Cofwhatfreedomreallyis.So,letmestarttoday,Kantrejectsutilitarianism.Hethinksthattheindividualperson,allhumanbeings,haveacertaindignitythatcommandsourrespect.Thereasontheindividualissacredorthebearerofrights,accordingtoKant,doesn'tstemfromtheideathatweownour
6、selvesbutinsteadfromtheideathatweareallrationalbeings.We'reallrationalbeings,whichsimplymeansthatwearebeingswhoarecapableofreason.Wearealsoautonomousbeings,whichistosaythatwearebeingscapableofactingandchoosingfreely.Now,thiscapacityforreasonandfreedomisn'ttheonlycap
7、acitywehave.Wealsohavethecapacityforpainandpleasure,forsufferingandsatisfaction.Kantadmitstheutilitarianswerehalfright.Ofcourse,weseektoavoidpainandwelikepleasure,Kantdoesn'tdenythis.WhathedoesdenyisBentham'sclaimthatpainandpleasureareoursovereignmasters.Hethinkstha
8、t'swrong.Justice06MindYourMotive/TheSupremePrincipleofMorality1Kantthinksthatit'sourrationalcapacitythatmakesusdistinctive,thatmakesusspec
