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1、Justice10TheGoodCitizen/Freedomvs.FitWeturntoAristotleafterexaminingtheories,moderntheories,ofjusticethattrytodetachconsiderationsofjusticeandrightsfromquestionsofmoraldesertandvirtue.AristotledisagreeswithKantandRawls.Aristotlearguesthatjusticeisamatterofgivingpeoplewhattheydeserve.Andthecentra
2、lideaofAristotle'stheoryofjusticeisthatinreasoningaboutjusticeandrightswehave,unavoidably,toreasonaboutthepurpose,ortheend,orthetelos,ofsocialpracticesininstitutions.Yes,justicerequiresgivingequalthingstoequalpersons,butthequestionimmediatelyarises,inanydebateaboutjustice,equalinwhatrespect?AndA
3、ristotlesaysweneedtofillintheanswertothatquestionbylookingtothecharacteristicend,ortheessentialnature,orthepurpose,ofthethingwe'redistributing.AndsowediscussedAristotle'sexampleofflutes;whoshouldgetthebestflutes.AndAristotle'sanswerwasthebestflute-players.Thebestflute-playershouldgetthebestflute
4、becausethat'sthewayofhonoringtheexcellenceoffluteplaying.It'sawayofrewardingthevirtueofthegreatflute-player.What'sinterestingthough,andthisiswhatwearegoingtoexploretoday,isthatit'snotquitesoeasytodispensewithteleologicalreasoningwhenwe'rethinkingaboutsocialinstitutionsandpoliticalpractices.Ingen
5、eralit'shardtodowithoutteleologywhenwe'rethinkingaboutethics,justice,andmoralargument.AtleastthatisAristotle'sclaim.AndIwouldliketobringouttheforceinAristotle'sclaimbyconsideringtwoexamples.OneisanexamplethatAristotlespendsquiteabitoftimediscussing;thecaseofpolitics.Howshouldpoliticalofficesandh
6、onors,howshouldpoliticalrulebedistributed?ThesecondexampleisacontemporarydebateaboutgolfandwhethertheProfessionalGolfersAssociationshouldberequiredtoallowCaseyMartin,agolferwithadisability,torideinagolfcart.BothcasesbringoutafurtherfeatureofAristotle'steleologicalwayofthinkingaboutjustice.Andtha
7、tisthatwhenweattendtothetelos,orthepurpose,sometimeswedisagreeandargueaboutwhatthepurposeofasocialpracticereallyconsistsin.Andwhenwehavethosedisagreementspartofwhat'satstakeinthosedisagreementsisnotjustwhowillgetwhat,notjust
