大学英语Unit5B

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1、Unit5LifelongEducationPassageBReturningtoCollegeExperiencingEnglishIIIUnitFiveReviewBackgroundinformationNewlessonExercisesAssignmentsContentsPlato（古希腊哲学家）(428-347?B.C.)Greekphilosopher.AfollowerofSocrates（苏格拉底）,hefoundedtheAcademy（柏拉图哲学、学园（柏拉图讲哲学的地方）(386B.C.),wherehetaughtandwrotef

2、ormuchoftherestofhislife.Platopresentedhisideasintheformofdramaticdialogues,asintheRepublic.BackgroundInformationAristotle(384-322B.C.)Greekphilosopher.ApupilofPlato,thetutorofAlexandertheGreat,andtheauthorofworksonlogic,metaphysics（形而上学、玄学）,ethics,naturalsciences,politics,andpoetic

3、s,heprofoundlyinfluencedWesternthought.Inhisphilosophicalsystemtheoryfollowsempirical（经验主义的）observationandlogic,basedonthesyllogism（三段论法，演绎推理）,istheessentialmethodofrational（推理的，理性的）inquiry（探究）.DavidHume（休谟—苏格兰哲学家及历史学家）(1711-1776)Britishphilosopherandhistorianwhoarguedthathumanknowl

4、edgearisesonlyfromsenseexperience.HisworksincludeATreatise（论文）ofHumanNature(1739-1740)andPoliticalDiscourses（论述、论说）(1752)Hume’sPhilosophyHume'sbasicbeliefwasthatManisincapableofknowinganythingforcertain.Webelieve,wedonotknow,thatthesunwillrisetomorrowmorning.Wesimplyassumethisbecaus

5、eithasriseneveryothermorning.HumecarriedKant'sbeliefstotheirlogicalconclusion.BaruchSpinoza（斯宾诺莎—荷兰哲学家）(1632-1677)Dutch（荷兰的）philosopherandtheologian（神学家）whosecontroversial（争论的，引起争论的）pantheistic（崇拜一切神道的）doctrineadvocated（拥护，提倡）anintellectual（理智的）loveGod.Hisbest-knownworkisEthics(1677

6、).JohnLocke（洛克—英国哲学家）(1632-1704)Englishphilosopher.InAnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding(1690)hesetouttheprinciplesofempiricism（经验论）,andhisTwoTreatiesonGovernment(1690)influencedtheDeclarationofIndependence.JohnDewey（杜威—美国教育家及哲学家）(1859-1952)Americanphilosopherandeducatorwhowasaleadi

7、ngexponent（倡导者、代表者、拥护者）ofphilosophicalpragmatism（实用主义）andrejectedtraditionalmethodsofteachingbyrote（死记硬背）,infavorofabroad-basedsystemofpracticalexperience.GeorgeGordonByron（乔治•戈登•拜伦--英国杰出的浪漫主义诗人）(1788-1824)wasasfamousinhislifetimeforhispersonalitycult（礼拜，狂热的崇拜）asforhispoetry.Byron’s

8、influenceonEuropean