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时间:2019-10-21
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1、Unit5LifelongEducationPassageBReturningtoCollegeExperiencingEnglishIIIUnitFiveReviewBackgroundinformationNewlessonExercisesAssignmentsContentsPlato(古希腊哲学家)(428-347?B.C.)Greekphilosopher.AfollowerofSocrates(苏格拉底),hefoundedtheAcademy(柏拉图哲学、学园(柏拉图讲哲学的地方)(386B.C.),wherehetaughtandwrotef
2、ormuchoftherestofhislife.Platopresentedhisideasintheformofdramaticdialogues,asintheRepublic.BackgroundInformationAristotle(384-322B.C.)Greekphilosopher.ApupilofPlato,thetutorofAlexandertheGreat,andtheauthorofworksonlogic,metaphysics(形而上学、玄学),ethics,naturalsciences,politics,andpoetic
3、s,heprofoundlyinfluencedWesternthought.Inhisphilosophicalsystemtheoryfollowsempirical(经验主义的)observationandlogic,basedonthesyllogism(三段论法,演绎推理),istheessentialmethodofrational(推理的,理性的)inquiry(探究).DavidHume(休谟—苏格兰哲学家及历史学家)(1711-1776)Britishphilosopherandhistorianwhoarguedthathumanknowl
4、edgearisesonlyfromsenseexperience.HisworksincludeATreatise(论文)ofHumanNature(1739-1740)andPoliticalDiscourses(论述、论说)(1752)Hume’sPhilosophyHume'sbasicbeliefwasthatManisincapableofknowinganythingforcertain.Webelieve,wedonotknow,thatthesunwillrisetomorrowmorning.Wesimplyassumethisbecaus
5、eithasriseneveryothermorning.HumecarriedKant'sbeliefstotheirlogicalconclusion.BaruchSpinoza(斯宾诺莎—荷兰哲学家)(1632-1677)Dutch(荷兰的)philosopherandtheologian(神学家)whosecontroversial(争论的,引起争论的)pantheistic(崇拜一切神道的)doctrineadvocated(拥护,提倡)anintellectual(理智的)loveGod.Hisbest-knownworkisEthics(1677
6、).JohnLocke(洛克—英国哲学家)(1632-1704)Englishphilosopher.InAnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding(1690)hesetouttheprinciplesofempiricism(经验论),andhisTwoTreatiesonGovernment(1690)influencedtheDeclarationofIndependence.JohnDewey(杜威—美国教育家及哲学家)(1859-1952)Americanphilosopherandeducatorwhowasaleadi
7、ngexponent(倡导者、代表者、拥护者)ofphilosophicalpragmatism(实用主义)andrejectedtraditionalmethodsofteachingbyrote(死记硬背),infavorofabroad-basedsystemofpracticalexperience.GeorgeGordonByron(乔治•戈登•拜伦--英国杰出的浪漫主义诗人)(1788-1824)wasasfamousinhislifetimeforhispersonalitycult(礼拜,狂热的崇拜)asforhispoetry.Byron’s
8、influenceonEuropean
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