师范大专《英语语法与写作》教案教案5时态和体ii

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1、Lecture5TenseandAspect(II)Theperfectiveaspectcancombinewiththetwotenses,formingpresentperfectiveandpastperfective,whichcanagaincombinewiththeprogressiveaspect,resultinginpresentperfectiveprogressiveandpastperfectiveprogressive.5・1UsesofpastperfectivePastperfectiveinsentenceswithwhen-/befo

2、re-/after-/until-clausesSubordinatorssuchaswhen,before,after,untilcansometimesbeusedinterchangeablywhentheyconnectclauseswheretwoactionshappenoneafteranother.Thegeneralruleisthattheearlierhappeningisexpressedbythepastperfectiveandthelaterhappeningbythesimplepast.c.f.WhenIreachedthestation

3、,thetrainhadalreadyleft.Ireachedthestationafterthetrainhadleft・Ididn'treachthestationuntil(after)thetrainhadleft•ThetrainhadleftbeforeIreachedthestation.Sincebeforeandaftercanindicatetimesequencebytheirownlexicalmeanings,thetwoactionshappeningoneafteranothercanbothbeexpressedbythesimplepa

4、stinsentencescomprisingabefore-/after-clause・c.f.Thetrain(had)leftbeforeIreachedthestation.Aftertheteacher(had)lefttheroom,thechildrenstartedtalking.Sometimesthepastperfectiveisusedinabefore-clausetolayemphasisontheincompletionoftheaction.e.g.HeofferedmeadiinkbeforeIhadtakenoffmycoat.Rare

5、lycantwopastperfectiveformsco-occurinasentencetoshowtimesequenceoftwoactionsexceptforthekindofsentencecomprisingaclauseintroducedbythesubordinatorbythetime.Eveninthiskindofclause,thesimplepastismorefrequentlyusedthanthepastperfective.e.g.BythetimeI(had)recoveredfromtheshock,hehaddisappear

6、ed.Wehadgoteverythingreadybythetimetheyarrived.即：与before连用表示”还没……就役例如:—SheweptbeforeIhadrealizedwhatwashappening.—TheysetoutbeforeIhadtoldthemtheaddress.—Heclosedthedoorbeforethetelephonehadrung・ImaginaryuseofpastperfectiveThepastperfectivewhenusedtoexpresshypotheticalmeaningsiscalledthei

7、maginaryuseofthepastperfective.Insuperordinateclauseswherethepastperfectiveisassociatedwithsuchverbsasexpect,think,intend,mean(=mean),want,supposetodenoteapastwishorintentionwhichwasnotrealized・e.g.Ihadintendedtomakeacake,butIranoutoftime.Ihadhopedthatwewouldbeablet