国际贸易理论与实务(英文版)Ch.12Quality

国际贸易理论与实务(英文版)Ch.12Quality

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1、CHAPTER12QUALITY,QUANTITY,PACKINGANDPRICINGQualityQuantityPackingPricing§1QualityNameofcommodityUsingapropernameforthetradedgoodissignificantinthatithelpstoavoidconfusion,reducecustomsdutiesorsavefreight.CurrentlybusinessmenusuallynominatetradedgoodswithnamescomplyingwiththeHar

2、monizedCommodityDescriptionandCodingSystem(HS)oftariffnomenclature.HSisaninternationallystandardizedsystemofnamesandnumbersforclassifyingtradedproducts.ItisdevelopedandmaintainedbytheWorldCustomsOrganization(WCO)(formerlytheCustomsCo-operationCouncil)2.Methodsofexpressingquality

3、ofcommoditySaleasseenSalebysampleSalebydescription①Salebyspecifications②Salebygrade③Salebystandard④Salebybrandandtrademark⑤Salebynameoforigin⑥SalebydescriptionsandillustrationsSaleasseenAsaleismadeonthebasisthatthebuyerhasinspectedthegoodsandisbuyingthemasaresultofthisinspection

4、.Thismethodisofspecialnecessityforparticulargoodssuchasornaments,jewels,paintings,artworks,etc.Inmanycases,thebuyermaybeadvisedtoarrangeforinspectionofthegoodsbeforeoratthetimetheyarehandedoverbythesellerforcarriage.(2)SalebysampleGarments,lightindustryproducts,andagriculturalna

5、tiveproductsaregenerallysoldbysamples.①Countersample:areproducedproductforbuyer’sconfirmation②Sealedsample:Thissealedsampleisforcheckingthequalityofthedeliveredgoodsinthefuture.③Referencesample:Whensaleismadebydescription,eitherthesellerorthebuyermaysendasampletotheotherpartyto

6、letitknowmoreclearlyabouttheproducts.Thissampleisoftenmarked“forreferenceonly”.Itisnotthebasisfordelivery.(3)Salebydescription①SalebyspecificationsSpecificationsrefertoindicesrelatingtochemicalcomposition,contents,length,andsizeofaproduct.Simpleandaccurate.Forexample,PrintedShi

7、rting“JumpingFish”Yarncounts30×36No.ofthreads/inch72×69Width(inch)35/36″②SalebygradeProductscanbedividedintodifferentgradesbasedondifferentspecifications.e.g.FreshHenEggs,shelllightbrownandclean,eveninsizeGradeAA:60-65gmpereggGradeA:55-60gmpereggGradeB:50-55gmpereggGradeC:45-50g

8、mperegg③SalebystandardAstandardisanestablishedn

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